Introduction: Substance use during adolescence and young adulthood is a major public health concern, particularly for alcohol and opioids. Neurocognitive impairments related to substance use can adversely affect executive functioning and decision-making. This study compared cognitive functioning and demographic profiles of adolescents and young adults using alcohol or opioids with healthy controls.Method: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with alcohol users (n = 36) and opioid users (n = 36), each matched with 36 healthy controls. Sociodemographic data including age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, marital status, and parental education were recorded. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Trail Making Test (Parts A and B) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Independent t-tests and chi-square tests were applied for analysis.Results: Cases and controls did not differ significantly in age, gender, marital status, residency, or socioeconomic status. Substance users showed marked cognitive deficits compared to controls. Both alcohol and opioid users had significantly longer completion times on Trail Making Tests A and B (p < 0.0001). On WCST, cases completed fewer categories and demonstrated more total errors, perseverative errors, and perseverative responses (all p < 0.0001). Alcohol users additionally had significantly higher failures to maintain set, unlike opioid users.Conclusion: Adolescents and young adults with alcohol and opioid use exhibited significant impairments in executive function, attention, and cognitive flexibility. Early detection and cognitive rehabilitation are essential to limit long-term neurocognitive consequences. How to cite this article:Shankar V, Roopalatha M. A Study on the Spectrum of Fungal Pathogens Isolated in ICU patient: A Study from Tertiary Care Centre. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202561

Les éleveurs des petits ruminants sont confrontés à des difficultés dans la gestion de troupeau dans le Département de Man entrainant ainsi un faible niveau de production. Cette étude avait pour objectif de déterminer les pratiques et les pathologies dans les élevages des petits ruminants. Elle a été réalisée sur un échantillon de 76 éleveurs de petits ruminants dans huit villages de la commune de Man. Les paramètres pris en compte étaient les caractéristiques sociodémographiques; la conduite d’élevage, le niveau sanitaire et les contraintes d’élevages. Les résultats ont montré que l’élevage était plus pratiqué par les hommes (90,8%), les personnes non scolarisées (52,6%) et 78,9% des éleveurs n’avaient aucune formation. L’alimentation était basée sur le fourrage naturel (92,1%). Au niveau sanitaire, 78,9% des éleveurs enquêtés ont relaté qu’ils nettoyaient leur enclos et la fréquence de nettoyage deux fois par semaine était la plus rencontrée. Les symptômes de pathologie ont été aussi rapportés par 96,1% d’é

Wie lassen sich der gesellschaftliche Wandel und die demokratische Kultur in Sachsen-Anhalt beschreiben und verstehen? Erstmals widmet sich ein Sammelband dieser Frage in differenzierten Fallstudien, die Kontinuitäten und Brüche gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen von der DDR über die Vereinigung bis in die Gegenwart nachzeichnen. Im Fokus stehen unter anderem Diskriminierungserfahrungen von Migrant:innen, zivilgesellschaftliche Organisierungswege sowie die Hintergründe hoher Wahlergebnisse extrem rechter Parteien. Zudem analysieren die Autor:innen den gesellschaftlichen Umgang mit rechter Gewalt, die jüdische Selbstorganisation in der Transformationsphase sowie politische Orientierungen und demokratische Potenziale junger Menschen. Die Beiträge eröffnen neue Perspektiven auf ostdeutsche Transformationserfahrungen und leisten zugleich einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis gesamtdeutscher Entwicklungen und gegenwärtiger Herausforderungen demokratischer Strukturen. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting reproductive-aged women, characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology [1,2]. Beyond fertility concerns, PCOS has been associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk, and significant psychosocial distress [4,10,12]. The condition also profoundly affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL), with symptoms such as hirsutism, obesity, and menstrual irregularities contributing to psychological burden, especially among adolescents and women in culturally sensitive contexts [6,9,16]. Materials and Methods: This study employed a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1996 and 2023. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords such as "PCOS", "quality of life", "metabolic syndrome", and "psychological distress". A total of 16 key studies were included based on relevance, methodological rigor, and population diversity [1–16]. Data were extracted on diagnostic criteria, metabolic and psychological outcomes, and HRQoL assessments including validated instruments like SF-36 and PCOSQ [13,15]. Results: Findings indicate that PCOS is strongly associated with reduced HRQoL across multiple domains, particularly emotional well-being, body image, and social functioning [8,14]. Hirsutism was identified as the most impactful symptom on HRQoL in Iranian and South Asian populations [6,9]. Adolescents with PCOS reported greater psychosocial distress compared to their peers [11,16]. Furthermore, variations in diagnostic criteria (NIH, Rotterdam, AES) influenced prevalence estimates and clinical management strategies [7]. Several studies reported a bidirectional relationship between metabolic dysfunction and mental health deterioration [5,12]. Conclusion: PCOS significantly impairs both physical and mental health, with profound effects on quality of life that extend beyond reproductive concerns. Addressing PCOS requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes not only medical and hormonal management but also psychosocial support and culturally sensitive counseling. Future research should focus on individualized interventions targeting both metabolic and psychological outcomes to improve long-term health in women with PCOS.

Abstract Why do people protest? And how can people protest effectively? This book is about the psychological science and practical art of social protest, grounded in the psychology of motivation and mobilization. Based on decades of theorizing and research, the book offers a summary of knowledge about core motivations for social protest, a tactical triad regarding the effectiveness of social protest, and relational tools toward mobilization. Furthermore, the book integrates those insights into a new relational-psychological theory of social protest with a motivational and strategic pillar—a theory that turns knowledge into understanding by portraying protesters as relational actors. The book further offers a guide toward the contextualized application of the theory’s motivational and strategic pillars to real-life social protests, including a concrete checklist for practitioners who seek to motivate people to mobilize on the basis of the core motivations, the tactical triad, and relational mobilization tools. Finally, the book offers an outline of the bright horizons we, as researchers, need to work toward if we want to enable our theories to make more specific and useful recommendations for the practical art of social protest, and hence to effectively use social protest as a powerful pathway to positive social change.