3M (Canada)

The presence of large outflow channels on Mars underscores the planet's dynamic hydrologic history. Chaotic terrain has been identified as the source regions for the floodwaters responsible for carving these channels, however they remain enigmatic due to unresolved questions regarding the mechanisms of water expulsion and the evolution of terrain deformation. Utilizing the latest CTX, HRSC, and MOLA datasets alongside Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN), we examined smooth-topped chaotic terrain including Hydraotes Chaos, a crater pair in Hydaspis Chaos, Baetis Chaos, and Candor Chaos, all located south of Chryse Planitia. Our findings indicate that the collapse of these chaotic terrain is predominantly controlled by local processes rather than by regional influences. Furthermore, the evidence supports the conclusion that the largest chaotic terrain can proceed by multiple mechanisms and is not solely reliant on heat sources such as crustal heating or local volcanism and that their formation spanned from the Middle Noachian to the Late Hesperian/Early Amazonian. These results refine our understanding of Martian surface processes by emphasizing the significance of localized geological conditions in chaotic terrain evolution. Large areas of broken up ‘chaotic terrain’ are thought to be the source regions for some of the floodwaters responsible for carving large channels on the surface of Mars. In this study we use orbital images to create 3D models of the surface of 4 chaotic terrain locations in and around Valles Marineris, Mars. Our findings suggest that the chaotic terrain are formed by local mechanisms, rather than being controlled by regional-scale tectonics. In addition, the largest chaotic areas did not need extra heat from external sources to trigger their collapse, and they formed over a much longer time span than previously thought. This work helps clarify how local conditions influenced the evolution of Mars' surface.

Egg yolk is recognized for its excellent nutritional benefit and economic value; however, egg is a perishable food, potentially losing quality if not handled properly between the time from farm production to consumption. Knowledge of the changes of yolk lipid composition under an extreme storage condition close to vitelline membrane breaking, which results in an inedible condition for shelf-eggs, remains incomplete. Considering the complexity of yolk lipids, the architectural features of yolk lipids at high-temperature storage (30°C for 10 days versus fresh) were classified through lipidomics. This strategy yielded 1508 features within the lipid database coupled with 74 significantly different lipids (P< 0.05, fold change > 1.2 or < 0.83), mainly triglycerides, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Most of them were decreased after storage; for example, triglycerides were assumed to play a role as a 'buffer' to maintain the system stability during storage by balancing fatty acid saturation, which strongly reduces the egg edible value for humans. Furthermore, phospholipids, especially the highly unsaturated phosphatidylcholine, decreased significantly and were suggested to be the primary cause for the variation in yolk emulsifying properties and flavor. Altogether, these results deriving from oxidation and lipolysis reactions enhance our understanding of lipid transformation and the biochemical mechanisms, at the molecular level, of the deteriorative process of the egg yolk. These findings may lay the foundation for identifying processes, including some modifications of the lipid composition of rations fed to laying hens, aiming to improve the long-term shelf-stability of shell eggs and egg products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Downtown vitality has become an important planning issue as commercial retail evolves, development continues to sprawl, and global economic restructuring impacts North American economies. This paper reviews the literature on downtown revitalization and examines the process behind municipal planning led downtown revitalization and vitality retention approaches. Case studies of Brockville and Oakville, Ontario are used to understand a regulatory approach, in the form of a downtown strategic review. In-person interviews with municipal and community officials were undertaken to gain insight into the process of these two initiatives. While both of the approaches have positive aspects, a combination of the two is identified as most favorable in addressing downtown vitality.

To evaluate the quality and content of nurse and physician shoulder dystocia delivery documentation before and after MORE training in shoulder dystocia management skills and documentation. Approximately 384 charts at the Ottawa Hospital General Campus involving a diagnosis of shoulder dystocia between the years of 2000 and 2006 excluding the training year of 2003 were identified. The charts were evaluated for 14 key components derived from a validated instrument. The delivery notes were then scored based on these components by 2 separate investigators who were blinded to delivery note author, date, and patient identification to further quantify delivery record quality. Approximately 346 charts were reviewed for physician and nurse delivery documentation. The average score for physician notes was 6 (maximum possible score of 14) both before and after the training intervention. The nurses' average score was 5 before and after the training intervention. Negligible improvement was observed in the content and quality of shoulder dystocia documentation before and after nurse and physician training.

Abstract Little has been written about the Canadian municipal chief administrative officer (CAO). Given the growing importance of municipalities, it is an important gap in the literature. This article depictsCAOsas a group of older white men, highly educated and very experienced. Given the impending retirement of a significant number ofCAOs, municipalities have an opportunity to achieve a greater degree of representativeness. The authors identify a number of research trajectories to enhance our knowledge and understanding of this critical administrative position.SommaireIl existe peu de documents sur les chefs des services municipaux auCanada. Étant donné l'importance croissante des municipalités, cela représente une grave lacune dans la documentation. Cet article décrit les chefs des services municipaux comme un groupe d'hommes blancs d'un certain âge, ayant un haut niveau d'études et une grande expérience. Comme un grand nombre d'entre eux vont prendre leur retraite d'ici peu, les municipalités ont une occasion de parvenir à un plus grand degré de représentativité. Les auteurs identifient un certain nombre de pistes de recherche pour améliorer nos connaissances et notre compréhension de cette fonction administrative cruciale.

The aim of this study was to gather data from Canadian stakeholders to help construct a national strategy and agenda for lymphedema management. The Canadian Lymphedema Framework, a collaboration of medical academics, lymphedema therapists, patient advocates, and others, used participatory action research and Open Space Technology to identify issues and build consensus at a national meeting of lymphedema stakeholders. Proceedings were videotaped and underwent content analysis. Existing Canadian documentation on lymphedema services was analyzed. Using those data sources, the Canadian Lymphedema Framework drafted a development strategy. Of 320 invited stakeholders (patients, therapists, physicians, industry representatives, and health policymakers), 108 participated in a day-long videotaped meeting discussing strategies to improve the management of lymphedema and related disorders in Canada. Participants identified barriers, challenges, and issues related to the need to raise awareness about lymphedema with patients, physicians, and the public. Five priority areas for development were articulated: education, standards, research, reimbursement and access to treatment, and advocacy. The main barrier to development was identified as the lack of clear responsibility within the health care system for lymphedema care. Data from stakeholders was obtained to solidly define priority areas for lymphedema development at a national level. The Canadian Lymphedema Framework has created a working plan, an advisory board, and working groups to implement the strategy.

Increased local temperature is a classic sign of wound infection, and its quantitative measurement has the potential to assist with assessment and diagnosis of chronic deep wound and surrounding skin infection at the bedside. Evidence supporting such use in chronic wound care is very limited. This clinical pilot study was conducted in an attempt to quantify the relationship between increased periwound skin temperature and wound infection, as well as validate use of a handheld infrared thermometer for the wound care practitioner. Using a cross-sectional design, 2 groups of participants were recruited from a chronic wound clinic: without wounds (n = 20) and with chronic leg ulcers (n = 40). Participant and wound characteristics were documented. All skin temperatures were documented using a handheld infrared thermometer under consistent environmental conditions within the clinic. Data analysis was based on the difference (Delta) in skin temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) between a target or wound site and an equivalent contralateral control site. Wound infection was identified using the combination of a validated assessment tool and clinical judgment. Supplemental semiquantitative bacterial swabs were collected from all wounds. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using the chi-squared calculation. A Pearson r calculation of test-retest skin temperature data collected from nonwounded participants initially determined reliability of the infrared thermometer. Correlation of increased periwound skin temperature to wound infection was determined by calculation of a 1-way analysis of variance. The infrared thermometer was found to be reliable (r = 0.939, P = .000 at a 95% confidence interval). A statistically significant relationship between increased periwound skin temperature and wound infection was identified (F = 44.238, P = .000 at a 95% confidence interval). Neither patient nor wound characteristics were significantly different between the participants with noninfected or infected wounds. The results of this study demonstrate that incorporating quantitative skin temperature measurement into routine wound assessment provides a timely and reliable method for a wound care practitioner to quantify the heat associated with deep and surrounding skin infection and to monitor ongoing wound status. Study limitations may reduce transferability of these findings to wound types other than chronic leg ulcers. Further research is needed to support and strengthen these results.

The Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) is a typical inductive modeling method that is built on principles of self-organization for modeling complex systems. However, it is known to often under-perform on non-parametric regression tasks, while time series modeling GMDH exhibits a tendency to find very complex polynomials that cannot model well future, unseen oscillations of the series. In order to alleviate these problems, GMDH has been recently hybridized with some computational intelligence (CI) techniques resulting in more robust and flexible hybrid intelligent systems for solving complex, real-world problems. The central theme of this book is to present in a very clear manner hybrids of some computational intelligence techniques and GMDH approach. The hybrids discussed in the book include GP-GMDH (Genetic Programming-GMDH) algorithm, GA-GMDH (Genetic Algorithm-GMDH) algorithm, DE-GMDH (Differential Evolution-GMDH) algorithm, and PSO-GMDH (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm. Also included is the description of the recently introduced GAME (Group Adaptive Models Evolution algorithm. The hybrid character of models and their self-organizing ability give these hybrid self-organizing modeling systems an advantage over standard data mining models. The modeling and data mining solutions of several real-life problems in the areas of engineering, bioinformatics, finance, and economics are presented in the chapters. The book will benefit amongst others, people who are working in the areas of neural networks, machine learning, artificial intelligence, complex system modeling and analysis, and optimization.