3M (France)

Jean-Baptiste Say’s notion ofdébouchéshas not been correctly understood, due to the lack of proper context within the framework of his broader political economy. We revisit Say’s writings on this topic, retrace the concept’s evolution, and lay out a framework that better illustrates the essence of Say’s thinking. We argue that Say’s theories on money and economic crises are much richer and more sophisticated than the traditional interpretation of Say’s Law would suggest. Say himself acknowledged that his monetary theory contradicted his initial articulations of the law, a point often missed by contemporary observers. This essay paints a more complete picture of Say’s work, showing how monetary changes could, under his framework, affect real variables. In so doing, it cuts against the many simplistic interpretations that pervade the existing literature on the subject.

The need for a concrete with sufficient strength at a very early age has led to the use of various admixtures such as the calcium chloride which has been, for some time, the most widely used set accelerator in this field. However, the presence of chloride causes serious problems regarding steel corrosion in reinforced and prestressed concrete members. This concern has led to the development of a number of chloride-free admixtures. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of using the calcium nitrate alone or combined to the triethanolamine on the setting and hardening process of cement pastes at 20°C temperature. Tests were performed on specimens from various mixes considering two types of cements. The results obtained indicate that the calcium nitrate used alone acts as a setting accelerator and improves the compressive strength at 24hrs. However, in the long term, its strength increase is not significant so as to be considered as a hardening accelerator. In return, the use of calcium nitrate in combination with triethanolamine leads at very early age to significant results with respect to both setting and hardening acceleration, and to a continuous compressive strength increase with time. The results regarding mechanical strength were also confirmed by an analysis of the materials hydration kinetic.

Three hydrogen atoms participate in the unusual hydrogen bond in complex 1, which is obtained when the rhenium compound is cocrystallized with indole from benzene. The structure of 1 was elucidated by means of neutron diffraction (HN …︁ HM distances of 1.75 and 2.25 Å). The energy of the hydrogen bond was determined by IR spectroscopy (ΔH° = 4.3 ± 0.5 kcal mol−1). All these values were also reproduced by theoretical calculations. Indole may be a useful additive for crystal growing in general.