3M (United Kingdom)

Purpose Conjugate heat and mass transfer between a solid and its surrounding fluid is a problem of widespread importance in environmental and engineering applications. However, popular CFD packages like OpenFOAM overlook mass transport as an active agent that can influence heat transfer through evaporation. Design/methodology/approach In this research, a combined heat–mass transfer OpenFOAM solver is developed and tested. The model was based on the chtMultiRegionFoam solver, where a mass transport equation was involved. The solid mass diffusivity was set as a function of temperature. Furthermore, two interfacial conditions were devised to account for the heat–mass interaction at the interface. The model was utilized to simulate heat and mass transfer in a convective food drying process. A semi-cylindrical carrot sample with a 10 mm diameter and 60 mm length was used as the food material. Findings The results were validated with experimental data from the literature. Ignoring the material–thermal interaction leads to large discrepancies from the actual case. Originality/value This research investigates upgrading the ready chtMultiRegionFoam solver to actively simlate mass transport. The solver has to be inherently modified to account for the evaporation/condensation processes adjointing mass transport. Besides, the devised mass transport process has to be related to the thermal conditions through the solid and fluid properties. Finally, modified interfacial conditions were implemented to adequately simulate the heat and transfer processes at the solid–fluid interface.

This paper focuses on resolving language barriers within the context of co-habitation for displaced communities, specifically between Syrian immigrant parents and Turkish teachers within the Turkish education system. It has been often reported that Syrian immigrant parents, the majority of immigrants in Turkiye, cannot be part of their children’s education period because of language problems which negatively affects immigrant students’ success as well as welfare of the community in a long-term period. This paper offers a framework of parameters for human centred design and information design, in addition to new educational support strategies, methods and mentoring, that can be relied upon to help students and graduates address current and future challenges for responsible innovation. The paper will expand on the detailed findings that Syrian parents and local teachers might not be able to maintain a dialogue due to language limitations, negatively affecting the success of Syrian students. Hence, this paper proposes an analysis of language barriers between Syrian parents and Turkish teachers including literature review and case studies. It has been reported that language barriers extend beyond language limitations, to other factors associated with ‘unfamiliarity with the issue’, ‘emotional barriers’, ‘cultural differences’, and ‘personal features’ according to context, that benefits from a design-led multi-perspective approach.

هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی ظرفیت­ ساختاری بلاک چین در بستر اینترنت اشیاء برای ارتقای ­اعتماد و دسترس‌پذیری ذینفعان زنجیره تأمین به اطلاعات و دانش تبادلی است. روش‌شناسی: این پژوهش با روش کتابخانه­‌ای و با مرور نوشتارهای مختلف مربوط به حوزه‌ی بلاک چین انجام شده است. یافته­‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، بلاک چین ظرفیت پاسخ به چالش­های جدی مدیریت اطلاعات در زنجیره تامین را دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: بهبود ساختاری امنیت اطلاعات موجب تقلیل کنترل‌­های دست و پا گیر شده و دسترسی به اطلاعات تسهیل خواهد شد. همچنین برخورداری از داده و اطلاعات با قابلیت اعتماد بالا دانش قابل اعتمادتری فراهم خواهد کرد. اصالت/ ارزش: این مقاله چارچوبی جدید برای مدیریت اطلاعات زنجیره تأمین با ساختار بلاک چینی در بستر اینترنت اشیاء ارائه نموده است. چارچوب جدید نشان می­‌دهد، چگونه ساختار بلاک­ چین می‌­تواند در ردیابی رخدادها، سرعت مبادله اطلاعات، امنیت داده­های اشتراکی و بهره­‌گیری از هوش ماشین در أخذ تصمیمات زنجیره تامین کمک کند­. در نتیجه مدیریت صحیح اطلاعات با ساختار جدید شفافیت، صحت، سرعت، امنیت، دسترسی به اطلاعات و اعتبارسنجی داده­ها بهتر شده و کارائی زنجیره تامین ارتقاء خواهد یافت.

The impact of two different quality feeds, derived using two different harvest clarification processes, on protein A periodic counter‐current chromatography (PCC) design and performance is investigated. Data from batch experiments were input into a model to design optimal PCC operating parameters specific to each feed material. The two clarification methods were: depth filtration using a wetlaid matrix which has Q‐functionality; and a combination of depth filtration and chromatographic clarification, using a Q‐functional nonwoven with a high anion exchange capacity (Emphaze™ AEX Hybrid Purifier) in which key impurities such as host cell DNA (HCDNA) and host cell proteins (HCP) are removed. The model predicted 34% better productivity for the chromatographically clarified cell culture fluid (CCCF) using a 4 column system, and productivity gains of 28% using only 3 columns enabling the option to simplify the protein A PCC strategy. Experimental validation of the predicted optimized PCC operating parameters using industrially relevant monoclonal antibody (mAb) CCCF feedstock over 100 cycles showed productivity gains of 49% for the chromatographically clarified material. HCP concentration was 11‐fold lower, and HCDNA concentration was reduced by 4.4 Log Reduction Value (LRV) in the protein A PCC eluates. This work, therefore, demonstrates that the removal of HCDNA and HCP during clarification is an effective strategy for improving protein A PCC performance. This was achieved using the Emphaze™ AEX Hybrid Purifier which can be easily incorporated into a batch or continuous process, in a scalable fashion, without adding additional separate unit operations. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1380–1392, 2018

The paper discusses the setup of a light duty axle efficiency test in evaluating gear lubricants for their fuel economy performance. Data collected with an internal reference oil highlight the repeatability of the test in different axles. Comparisons between single grade SAE 90 to multigrade gear lubricants were made under a variety of pinion torques and speeds to simulate highway and city driving conditions. A discussion of lubricant rheology and its importance to maintaining film strength for adequate bearing and gear lubrication for optimum torque efficiency and axle temperature is provided.