AIR

Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) systems, which intentionally replenish groundwater aquifers with excess water, are critical for addressing water scarcity exacerbated by demographic shifts and climate variability. To date, little is known about the functional diversity of the soil microbiome at different soil depth inhabiting agricultural soils used for MAR. Knowing the functional diversity is pivotal in regulating nutrient cycling and maintaining soil health. Metagenomics, particularly Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs), provide a powerful tool to explore the diversity of uncultivated soil microbes, facilitating in-depth investigations into microbial functions. In a field experiment conducted in a California vineyard, we sequenced soil DNA before and after water application of MAR. Through this process, we assembled 146 medium and 14 high-quality MAGs, uncovering a wide array of archaeal and bacterial taxa across different soil depths. These findings advance our understanding of the microbial ecology and functional diversity of soils used for MAR, contributing to the development of more informed and sustainable land management strategies.

Abstract. We utilize a simple, observational-based model to quantitatively estimate the US anthropogenic, background and wildfire contributions to the temporal and spatial distributions of maximum ozone concentrations throughout the southwestern US, including Texas and parts of California. The very different temporal variations of the separate contributions provide the basis for this analysis: over the past four decades the anthropogenic contribution has decreased at an approximately exponential rate by a factor of ~6.3, while the US background concentration rose significantly through the 1980s and 1990s, reached a maximum in the mid-2000s, and has since slowly decreased. We primarily analyze ozone design values (ODVs), an extreme value statistic of relatively rare maximum ozone concentrations upon which the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are based; ODV time series provide spatially and temporally resolved records of maximum ozone concentrations throughout the country. Recent contributions of US background ozone to ODVs (primarily due to transported baseline ozone) are 64 to 70 ppb over most of the southwestern US, and wildfires (also generally considered a background contribution) add further enhancements of 2 to 6 ppb in southwestern US urban areas. US anthropogenic emissions from urban and industrial sectors now produce only relatively modest enhancements to ODVs (less than ~6 ppb in 2020) outside of the three largest urban areas considered (Dallas, Houston and Los Angeles), where the 2020 enhancements were in the 17 to 30 ppb range. As a consequence, US background ozone concentrations now dominate over US anthropogenic contributions in the western US, including the Los Angeles urban basin, where the largest US ozone concentrations are observed. This finding has several implications: 1) A pronounced shift in the spatial distribution of maximum US ozone concentrations has occurred; once ubiquitous nearly nationwide, ODVs of 75 ppb or greater have nearly disappeared in the eastern US, but are still frequent in the southwestern US. 2) By 2021, the trend of maximum ODVs in two major eastern urban areas (i.e., New York City and Atlanta) had decreased to the point that they were smaller than those in smaller southwestern US urban areas, and nearly as small as ODVs recorded at isolated rural southwestern US sites. 3) Together, the US background plus wildfire contributions approach or exceed the US NAAQS for ozone of 70 ppb (implemented in 2015) and 75 ppb (implemented in 2008); consequently, in the southwestern US NAAQS achievement has been precluded. 4) Alternate emission control approaches may provide more effective approaches to air quality improvement; since background ozone makes the dominant contribution to even the highest observed concentrations, an international effort to reduce northern midlatitude baseline ozone concentrations could be pursued, or a standard based on the anthropogenic increment above the regionally-varying US background ozone concentration could be considered to provide a regionally uniform challenge of standard achievement. 5) The predominant contribution of US background ozone across the southwestern US presents a profound challenge for air quality modelling, since a manifold of stratospheric and tropospheric processes occurring on small spatial scales, but over hemisphere-wide distances, must be treated in detail to predict present and future background contributions to daily maximum ozone concentrations at local scales.

Detailed investigations of time series features across climates, continents and variable types can progress our understanding and modelling ability of the Earth’s hydroclimate and its dynamics. They can also improve our comprehension of the climate classification systems appearing in their core. Still, such investigations for seasonal hydroclimatic temporal dependence, variability and change are currently missing from the literature. Herein, we propose and apply at the global scale a methodological framework for filling this specific gap. We analyse over 13,000 earth-observed quarterly temperature, precipitation and river flow time series. We adopt the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system and define continental-scale geographical regions for conducting upon them seasonal hydroclimatic feature summaries. The analyses rely on three sample autocorrelation features, a temporal variation feature, a spectral entropy feature, a Hurst feature, a trend strength feature and a seasonality strength feature. We find notable differences to characterize the magnitudes of these features across the various Köppen–Geiger climate classes, as well as between continental-scale geographical regions. We, therefore, deem that the consideration of the comparative summaries could be beneficial in water resources engineering contexts. Lastly, we apply explainable machine learning to compare the investigated features with respect to how informative they are in distinguishing either the main Köppen–Geiger climates or the continental-scale regions. In this regard, the sample autocorrelation, temporal variation and seasonality strength features are found to be more informative than the spectral entropy, Hurst and trend strength features at the seasonal time scale.

Jamur Colletotrichum sp yaitu patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit antraknosa. Penyakit antraknosa pada tanaman cabai rawit hiyung merupakan kendala utama bagi petani. Penanaman cabai terus dilakukan sepanjang musim, dan pestisida kimia dipakai secara terus menerus menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi konsumen, lingkungan dan patogennya. Solusinya yaitu pengendalian yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya menggunakan kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris).Tanaman kelakai mudah di dapat sehingga punya prosfek bila terbukti efektif mampu menghambat terjadinya penyakit, untuk dikembangkan sebagai biopestisida yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi larutan daun kelakai terhadap kejadian penyakit antraknosa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan Di Desa Hiyung, Kec Tapin Tengah Kab Tapin dari bulan Mei – Oktober 2021. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan sehingga ada 16 satuan percobaan. Perlakuannya adalah kontrol = (air), perlakuan K50 gr/l, K100 gr/l dan K150 gr/l larutan daun kelakai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa larutan daun kelakai berpengaruh terhadap kejadian penyakit antraknosa. Konsentrasi K50 gr/l, K100 gr/l dan K150 gr/l mempunyai kemampuan yang sama dalam menekan kejadian penyakit antraknosa namun dengan kontrol berbeda.

This chapter provides information, tips, and techniques to ensure special educators have appropriate understanding of the purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and their role in developing individualized education programs (IEPs) that ensure students with disabilities have access to a free appropriate public education (FAPE) and make progress toward appropriately ambitious goals. After reading, educators will (1) better understand the history and purpose of the IDEA to guarantee civil rights for individuals with disabilities; (2) understand the procedural, substantive, and implementation requirements to ensure students with disabilities have access to FAPE; and (3) learn strategies for developing IEPs that address the IDEA FAPE requirements.

La 3 e dimension est exigeante par ses contraintes de temps – décider vite – et le besoin de précision et de rigueur. Cela impose de préparer nos aviateurs avec agilité, audace et passion en s’appuyant sur une pédagogie du succès mettant en valeur les nouvelles générations rejoignant l’Armée de l’air et de l’espace.

Perairan Desa TapuemeaKonawe Utara merupakan salah satu perairan yang memiliki potensi risiko kerusakan lingkungan akibat aktivitas kegiatan manusia di darat. Telah dilakukan pengambilan sampel untuk menentukan konsentrasi logam berat Ni di Perairan Tapuemeapada April 2019. Sebanyak delapan sampel air dan sampel sedimen diambil dandianalisis menggunakan metode Spektofotometridengan alat Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) di Balai Besar Laboratorium Kesehatan Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa kandungan logam berat Ni di sedimen berkisar 0,76–9,72 ppm atau setara dengan 79,74–9369,39µg/g. Kandunganlogamberat Ni di sedimentelah sangat tercemar berdasarkan standar internasionalbakumutu IADC/CEDA Tahun 1997 dantidak sesuai dengan standarkandungan logam berat Ni di sedimen padakondisiperairanlaut yang normal. Hal yang serupa dijumpai di air, kandungan Ni dalam air berkisar 0,04–0,23ppm dan telah melebihi Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB)0,05ppm yang ditetapkan oleh KMNKLH No. 51 Tahun 2004 untuk biota laut. Sebaran logam berat Ni terlarut danlogam berat nikel dalam sedimen di Perairan Desa Tapuemea sebagian besar didugaberasaldariaktifitasantropogenik di darat.Kata kunci: logam berat nikel, sedimen, air, Desa Tapuemea

Melihat perkembangan teknologi komunikasi, elektronikadan informatika saat ini yang begitu maju, telah mendorong pemikiran untuk memanfaatkan sumber daya tersebut untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia. Terdorongnya pemikiran untuk melakukan inovasi dan mengembangkan teknologi yang ada, telah banyak menstimulasi dikembangkannya pemanfaatan teknologi berdasarkan ilmu pengetahuan yang pada akhirnya memudahkan manusia menyelesaikan berbagai persoalan. Riset yang pertama secara umum membahas tentang bagaimana merancang sistem irigasi pintar berbasis mikrokontroler sebagai pengembangan dari sistem irigasi manual, bagaimana membangun protokol (software) layanan pada sistem irigasi pintar berbasis mikrokontroler agar aktivitas petani lebih maksimal dan bagaimana membangun layanan kontrol berbasis client-server untuk saluran irigasi primer-sekunder-tersier, sehingga terbangun sistem irigasi pintar terpadu. Sedangkan pada riset kedua, secara umum membahas tentang bagaimana merancang sensor getar berbasis mikrokontroler, bagaimana mengkalibrasi sensor getar berbasis mikrokontroleragar dapat dimanfaatkan untuk monitoring getaranrealtime mesin bubut horizontal serta bagaimana menentukan nilai ideal sensor getar terhadap getaran mesin bubut horizontal.

Beton merupakan salah satu bahan kontruksi yang banyak dipergunakan dalam struktur bangunan modern. Beton diperoleh dengan cara mencampurkan semen portland, air, agregat.Air sebagai bahan pencampur semen berperan sebagai bahan perekat, sehinnga penambahan air dalam pembuatan spesi beton merupakan unsur yang sangat penting. Peranan air sebagai bahan perekat terjadi melalui reaksi hidrasi, yaitu semen dan air akan membentuk pasta semen dan mengikat fragmen-fragmen agregat.Penelitian ini membahas Pengaruh Suhu Air Campuran Beton Terhadap Kuat Tekan Karakteristik Beton dengan suhu pencampuran air 0,25o, 40o, 75o. Kuat tekan beton didapat sesuai parameter yang diinginkan maka suhu air campuran beton harus diusahakan bersuhu ruang atau lebih rendah dari suhu ruang