African Development Bank Group

• Vaccines with higher effectiveness and longer protection were preferred • Risk of side effects significantly reduced vaccine acceptance likelihood • Vaccines from the US, UK, and EU were preferred over Chinese and Russian ones • Two latent classes identified: pro-vaccine and vaccine-resistant groups • Trust, attitudes, and prior experience derived class membership The objective of this study was to quantify public preferences for alternative vaccination programme strategies, combining vaccine attributes and policy measures, that could be deployed in future outbreaks similar to COVID-19 in South Africa. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted among 3,002 South African respondents. Attributes included vaccine effectiveness, duration of protection, side-effect risk, vaccine origin, approval time, and social restrictions including stringency of restrictions and vaccine mandate. Multinomial Logit (MNL) and Latent Class (LC) models were estimated to explore preferences. Vaccines with higher effectiveness were consistently preferred by South African respondents. Similarly, vaccines offering longer immunity durations and those approved after longer evaluation periods were preferred. Vaccines originating from the EU, UK, and US were preferred over those from China. In contrast, vaccines associated with higher risks of severe side effects were significantly less preferred. A latent class model identified two distinct groups: a majority (68.3%) classified as “provaccine,” who demonstrated strong preference for vaccination, often driven by trust in institutions and positive vaccine attitudes; and a minority (31.7%) categorised as “vaccine-resistant” who exhibited reluctance towards vaccination, likely driven by lower institutional trust, negative vaccine attitudes, and reduced health risk aversion. COVID19 vaccine preferences in South Africa were strongly influenced by perceived effectiveness, approval time, origin of the vaccine, duration of protection, risks of side effects, social restrictions and vaccine mandates. Respondents exhibited diverse preference patterns, and public health strategies should be designed to reflect these differences. Understanding how people make decisions about vaccines can help improve public health communication and planning. This research used a method that asked South Africans to imagine different vaccine scenarios and choose which ones they would prefer. People preferred vaccines that were highly effective, lasted longer, and had fewer side effects. Vaccines made in Western countries like the US, UK, and EU were preferred over those from China or Russia. Importantly, not everyone thinks about vaccines the same way. We found two main groups: one willing to vaccinate, trusting institutions and prioritising community health, and another prioritising individual rights, and not willing to vaccinate. By recognizing and addressing the diverse values that influence decision-making, public health initiatives can better support informed choices and strengthen community engagement during future outbreaks.

For many farmers in Africa, a major obstacle to getting insurance is the cost. The affordability of premiums is often the key issue that prevents them from accessing these product. This study investigates the potential of carbon finance to bolster agricultural resilience across Africa by analyzing regional variations in carbon sequestration, carbon pricing, estimated carbon value per hectare, and agricultural climate insurance premiums. Utilizing a classification system based on Primary Agricultural System Types and comprehensive secondary data, we systematically estimated carbon stock, carbon prices, and insurance premiums for diverse African regions. The findings reveal significant regional disparities. East and Central Africa, characterized by Highland, Mixed Farming, and Humid Forest systems, exhibit the highest carbon sequestration potential and subsequently, a carbon value per hectare that comfortably exceeds agricultural insurance premiums. Farmers in these regions can fully offset their insurance costs through carbon credits, often generating substantial surpluses (up to $24/ha in East Africa and $44/ha in Central Africa), offering a viable pathway for self-financed climate risk transfer. In contrast, the West African Sahel, dominated by Rainfed Cropland and Pasture systems, faces a critical financial gap : its lower carbon sequestration capacity and carbon prices mean the estimated carbon value per hectare falls short of covering agricultural insurance premiums, requiring up to a 30% farmer contribution. This highlights the impact of nascent market development and severe climate vulnerability. Southern Africa, while having the highest insurance premiums ($22.5/ha) due to high investment capital and climate risks, still generates sufficient carbon value (with a surplus of $75/ha) to cover these costs. Carbon finance presents a powerful, nature-based solution for agricultural climate insurance in much of Africa. However, a differentiated approach is essential. While East, Central, and Southern Africa can leverage carbon credits for self-sustaining climate risk management, the West African Sahel necessitates targeted interventions and innovative financial instruments to bridge its unique funding gap, ensuring equitable access to climate resilience for all African farming communities. These findings highlight the need for region-specific strategies to link carbon markets with agricultural risk financing.

The paper proposes to measure the role of PPP investments in the ports and electricity sectors in shifting the efficient production frontier as well as their role in the electricity sector as determinants of inefficiency through stochastic frontier analysis and fixed-effects estimation. It also proposes to analyze the role of the governance framework in the efficiency of PPPs. The results showed a positive contribution of sectoral PPPs in the shift of efficient frontier. However, the contribution of PPPs in the ports sector (3%) is greater than that of the electricity sector (1%). For the electricity sector, PPPs as well as the governance framework proxied by credit to the private sector and CPIA criteria measuring the financial sector development (c.5) contribute to bridging the inefficient distance. While the criteria measuring the quality of budgetary and financial management (c.13) increases the inefficient distance. In the port sector, trade openness, exchange rate and debt policy (c.3) reduce the inefficient frontier, while monetary policy (c.1) increases the inefficient frontier.

Introduction Le contexte, dans le cadre de la recherche active et quotidienne des maladies à potentiels épidémiques, tout cas de fièvre associée à une hémorragie fait l’objet d’une notification et d’un prélèvement pour confirmation. L’objectif était d’investiguer des cas contacts d’un cas humain de virus lassa dans le district sanitaire de Bangolo. Methods Les Méthodes utilisées dans le cadre de cette recherche, il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective allant du 3 au 8 janvier 2019 dans le village de Béoué du district sanitaire de Bangolo. Elles ont consisté en la recherche active de cas contact d’un cas confirmé de Lassa, en la capture et dissection des souris, en la recherche des facteurs de risques environnementaux avec la mise en place de moyens de prévention et de lutte antirabique. Results Nos résultats sont à trois volets à savoir le volet humain : au total deux cas suspects ont été notifiés. L’un dans les archives de l’HG de Duékoué et l’autre dans la communauté, le volet environnemental l’hygiène environnementale dans le village de Béoué est favorable au développement du virus Lassa et le volet animal, nous avons 28 petits mammifères dont 27 (96,42 %) rongeurs du genre (Mastomys et Rattus) et un soricomorpha (3,58 %). Conclusion Nous pouvons conclure en mettant l’accent sur l’’investigation réalisée par l’équipe multidisciplinaire a montré que le risque probable de fièvre de Lassa dans le village de Béoué du district sanitaire de Bangolo à l’Ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire en 2019.