Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Region

The demographic structure of the Volga–Ural population of saigas migrating to the Saratov Trans-Volga region is shown. It was established that animals from the West Kazakhstan region (Republic of Kazakhstan) appear in the border areas of the Saratov Trans-Volga region in the second and third ten-day periods of April, depending on the weather conditions of specific years. At the end of May, migration mainly ends, and the animals split into groups and spread across a number of areas in the Saratov Trans-Volga region. According to our observations and survey data, between 2011 and the early 2020s, the number of saigas entering the Saratov Trans-Volga region in spring ranged from several thousand to tens of thousands. In recent years, as the entire population has grown, this figure has increased to several hundred, and in 2025, to many hundreds of thousands of individuals. According to our observations, both females with calves born in Kazakhstan and pregnant and barren females migrate to the region. The number of males migrating together with herds of females is small. At the beginning of migration in 2025, the number of yearlings per adult female was 0.9 individuals, but this reproductive rate increased to 1.6 individuals in the third ten-day period of June. This fact indicates the calving of female saigas in the Saratov Trans-Volga region, which is confirmed by our survey data. In the last ten-day period of July, when the entire territory of saiga distribution in the Saratov Trans-Volga region was surveyed, this index was 1.5 individuals. Most likely, this fact could be explained by mortality of yearlings. The number of adult males increases from 2.3% in the first ten days of May to 6.7% in the third ten days of June and to 8.3% in the third ten days of July. From these data, we can conclude that the migration of males is spread out over time, but most of them remain in Kazakhstan, which is confirmed by our observations during expedition trips to the West Kazakhstan region in 2011–2019 along the Zhanybek–Aral-Sor and then Zhanybek–Borsy routes.

The objective of this research was to identify the structural characteristics, challenges, and potential solutions for cattle barns in cattle enterprises in the villages of Horasan County, Erzurum Province as well as the relationships between the structural characteristics of the barns and the size of the enterprises (≤20, 21-40, 41-60, 61-80, and ≥81 heads). To achieve this, a face-to-face survey with 500 cattle breeders from 77 villages was conducted. The analysis group was randomly selected by simple random sampling from 4565 enterprises in Horasan County. The findings of the study indicated that 99.4% of cattle farms had closed barns, while 0.6% had semi-open barns. A statistically significant (P

Предпосылки и цель. В статье приведены результаты исследований 2023-2024 годов по изучению распространения основных вредителей в условиях возделывания ярового рапса на южных карбонатных черноземах степной зоны Северного Казахстана. Исследования и наблюдения за фенологией фитофагов является предметом фитосанитарного мониторинга. Определение видового состава вредителей рапса служат информационной базой для организации мероприятий по защите растений. Поэтому каждый фактор, снижающий урожай рапса, приносит огромный экономический ущерб. Одним из таких факторов в период мониторинга стали крестоцветные блошки и капустная моль, который за последние годы превратились в важнейших вредителей рапса. По результатам фитосанитарного мониторинга посевов рапса, была определена оценка степени опасности повреждения растений. Поэтому, целью работы являлось определение и выявление основных вредителей и по результатам экономического порога вредоносности не допустить потерь урожая семян рапса.Материалы и методы. Изучение соотношения вредителей было осуществлено методом наблюдений и учетов на полях в течение вегетационного периода. При проведении оценки вредоносности рапсовых клопов, рапсового цветоеда, крестоцветных блошек и капустной совки был использован метод модельных растений.Результаты. В результате проведения фитосанитарного мониторинга на рапсовых полях были определены следующие виды вредителей, которые наносят значительный вред культуре: крестоцветные блошки, рапсовый клоп, рапсовый листоед, рапсовый скрытнохоботник, рапсовый цветоед, капустная тля, капустная и репная белянки, зеленый кузнечик, луговой трипс, щелкун посевной, шпанка луговой мотылек, совка-гамма.Заключение. По результатам данных исследований, яровой рапс сильно подвергается нашествию множества видов вредителей, от которых в существенной степени страдает урожайность и качество урожая. Больше всего негативное воздействие оказали крестоцветные блошки, капустная моль и рапсовый цветоед. В результате, была выявлен и определен уровень вредоносности в процентахи по пятибалльной шкале.

This study aimed to induce polyploidy in Silene compacta Fischer by applying varying colchicine doses and soaking durations while evaluating resultant changes in plant growth and morphology. Silene compacta seeds growing naturally in Erzurum and its surroundings were treated with different colchicine doses (0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4%) and soaking durations (6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours). In addition, two different application methods (dripping on the shoot tip of the seedlings and application to the root tip meristem regions) were also tested. The control group received only pure water. As a result of our study, the toxic effect of colchicine at low doses (0.01% and 0.05%) in root application was not lethal and the plants survived 100%. However, higher doses and prolonged applications (e.g. 0.2% and 0.4%) led to plant death. Application to the shoot tip was more toxic, especially high doses (e.g. 0.2% and 0.4%) caused plant death. Colchicine treatments affected stomatal number and stomatal size. In root applications, stomatal width increased at 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1% doses, but decreased at higher doses. In shoot tip treatments, the highest stomatal number was determined at 0.01% dose. Stomatal length decreased with increasing dose and this decrease was significant compared to the control group. The optimal soaking duration for the increasing stomatal length was determined as 12 hours for both root and shoot tip applications. As a result, it was found that the S. compacta plants kept at 0.1% colchicine dose for 12 hours in both treatment methods were likely to be tetraploid. Also, it was predicted that various S. compacta cultivation materials with improved properties that can be used as main materials in future breeding programs can be developed.

The gene polymorphism analysis for the genes presumably associated with the parthenogenetic development of the maize embryo and endosperm is presented. By sequencing and subsequent multiple alignment of transcripts of target genes (Zm_Hdt104, Zm_Chr106, Zm_Fie1 and Zm_Fie2) of the parthenogenetic (AT-1, AT-3 and AT-4) and the reference (B73) maize lines it was carried out. The presence of single nucleotide substitutions, deletions and insertions were determined, phylogenetic trees for the studied genes were constructed.

The study of genetic resources using prolamin polymorphism in wheat cultivars from countries with different climatic conditions makes it possible to identify and trace the preference for the selection of the alleles of gliadine-coding loci characteristic of specific conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the "gliadin profile" of the collection of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan by studying the genetic diversity of allelic variants of gliadin-coding loci. Intrapopulation (μ ± Sμ) and genetic (H) diversity, the proportion of rare alleles (h ± Sh), identity criterion (I) and genetic similarity (r) of common wheat from eight breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan have been calculated. It has been ascertained that the samples of common wheat bred in Kostanay region (Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station, Kazakhstan) and Chelyabinsk region (Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia) had the highest intrapopulation diversity of gliadin alleles. The proportion of rare alleles (h) at Gli-B1 and Gli-D1 loci was the highest in the wheat cultivars bred by the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region (Saratov region, Russia), which is explained by a high frequency of occurrence of Gli-B1e (86 %) and Gli-D1a (89.9 %) alleles. Based on identity criterion (I), the studied samples of common wheat from different regions of Kazakhstan and Russia have differences in gliadin-coding loci. The highest value of I = 619.0 was found when comparing wheat samples originated from Kostanay and Saratov regions, and the lowest I = 114.4, for wheat cultivars from Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions. Some region-specific gliadin alleles in wheat samples have been identified. A combination of Gli-A1f, Gli-B1e and Gli-Da alleles has been identified in the majority of wheat samples from Kazakhstan and Russia. Alleles (Gli-A1f, Gli-A1i, Gli-A1m, Gli-A1o, Gli-B1e, Gli-D1a, Gli-D1f, Gli-A2q, Gli-B2o, and Gli-D2a) turned out to be characteristic and were found with varying frequency in wheat cultivars in eight regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. The highest intravarietal polymorphism (51.1 %) was observed in wheat cultivars bred in Omsk region (Russia) and the lowest (16.6 %), in Pavlodar region (Kazakhstan). On the basis of the allele frequencies, a "gliadin profile" of wheat from various regions and breeding institutions of Russia and Kazakhstan was compiled, which can be used for the selection of parent pairs in the breeding process, the control of cultivars during reproduction, as well as for assessing varietal purity.

The article presents some key points of agricultural science existence in the world during the post-pandemic period, the intensive development of digitalization, and the deployment of artificial intelligence. The industry's development is coupled with interdisciplinary sciences, enabling the creation of future scenarios for successful implementation into practice. With tremendous advancement, agricultural science still faces challenges and problems such as outdated agricultural machinery and poor infrastructure in many developing countries. On a global scale, the science addresses sustainable development, soil fertility improvement, and biodiversity conservation in the face of climate change.Many of the solutions to the man-made problems that have been created lead to strong education and reskilling of people on the principle of "life-long learning". Through such approaches, the economic component of agriculture will grow. From the point of view of the research environment, it is necessary to expand research topics in order to close the weak links in the “human-nature” chain. The achievements of agrarian science should find practical application at the local level, involving "farmer-official-scientist" collaboration. There are now many communities, workshops, and platforms promoting educational and practical goals for better agricultural science, combating hunger, nutritious food, and climate change, where one can express personal perspectives and hear from professionals. These events are supported by international organizations such as the United Nations and UNDP, which give a special role to women working in agrarian spheres in order to develop the necessary qualities for practicing agrarian science. Present opportunities have the potential to advance agrarian sciences, drawing from the experiences of advanced countries and adapting them to local conditions, opportunities, and mentalities, with the aim of ensuring high-quality and stable grain production for human food demands.

A study of the species composition, biological, morphological and productive characteristics of the legume component of forest Chrysopogon gryllus meadows a year with high spring moisture availability was conducted. A very high species diversity of leguminous grasses was found - 17 species from 7 genera. Until the mowing of the meadows, a distinct turnover of species and an almost equal total productivity of dry mass from the legume component per ten-day period was observed. Thus, the productivity of fresh and dry mass of the legume component and, accordingly, the nitrogen fixation levels in the orchard meadows have a stable high level until mowing. The annual clovers can be identified as the legume with the strongest response to increasing moisture availability. A high productivity of mesophytic perennial clover species has also been reported, which significantly increase the fodder value of the grasslands. The species Dorycnium herbaceum and Medicago falcata have the highest productivity of fresh and dry mass when mowing the Chrysopogon gryllus meadows and have the greatest contribution to the forage value of the harvested hay. According to the morphological analysis, the legume component is characterized by a very high variability, both in plant height and in the relative share of leaves and flowers in the formed biomass, which determines its importance for the functional and biological diversity in the studied meadow type. The results are indicative of a great self-recovery potential of the Chrysopogon gryllus meadows in the the foothills of the Central Balkan, as well as a lack of degradation processes under their current mode of use.

В статье рассматривается влияние различных систем обработки почвы на водно-физические свойства почвы, плодородие почвы, засорённость посевов, полноту всходов, количество растений льна перед уборкой и их влияние на повышение устойчивости производства льна в засушливых условиях. Результаты исследований иллюстрируют эффективность различных систем обработки почвы в эффективном использовании почвенных и водных ресурсов. В исследованиях показана роль минимизации систем обработки почвы для контроля риска производства, рентабельности производства культуры льна. В исследовании оцениваются характеристики качества почвы, продуктивность и эффективность применения различных систем обработки почвы и минеральных удобрений. Значения объемной плотности почвы составляли 0,98 г/см3 при традиционной системе обработки почвы и 1,16 для системы минимальной обработки почвы в слое почвы 0–30 см. Потенциально минерализуемый N в слое почвы 0–15 см содержал 30 и 22 кг/га аммонийного азота при минимальном и прямом посеве соответственно. Это указывает на положительную связь между системами обработки почвы и потенциально минерализуемым азотом, отражающую различия в управлении земельными ресурсами. Положительный азотный баланс был получен при условии внесения 30 кг/га азота каждый год, и не было отмечено накопления нитратного азота даже при нормах, превышающих вынос азота в зерне. Это подтверждает мнение о том, что прямой посев в сочетании с возделыванием культуры в плодосменном севообороте представляет собой путь к сохранению почвенных ресурсов. Урожайность семян льна на 14% и 16% больше при ресурсосберегающей системе обработки почвы по сравнению с традиционной системой.

Для повышения урожайности пшеницы в условиях резкоконтинентального климата Северного Казахстана, необходимо в селекционных программах акцентировать внимание селекционеров на создание конкурентоспособных сортов устойчивых к лимитирующим факторам внешней среды. Целью исследования являлся отбор перспективного селекционного материала яровой мягкой пшеницы, характеризующегося высокой продуктивностью, хорошими товарными показателями качества для передачи на Государственное сортоиспытание. Методика исследований общепринятая в селекционных программах. Фенологические наблюдения (всходы, колошение,созревание), засухоустойчивость, устойчивость к полеганию выполнялись в соответствии с методикой проведения сортоиспытания сельскохозяйственных растений РК. Товарная классификация зерна сортов осуществлялась на основе требований национального стандарта СТРК 1046-2008, хлебопекарные качества определяли на основе классификационных норм. Скрининг селекционного материала (20 линий яровой мягкой пшеницы) осуществлялся на опытных полях ТОО «Научно-производственный центр зернового хозяйства им. А.И. Бараева» в 2020-2022 гг. За три года исследований из 20 линий яровой мягкой пшеницы выделены 7 линий, достоверно превосходящих стандарты по урожайности: 342/08; 233/10; 241/14; 189/14; 182/14; 143/09 и 83/05. По показателям качества зерна выделены 2 линии, относящиеся согласно классификационным нормам к сильным пшеницам: 342/08 и 143/09. По комплексу хозяйственно ценных признаков отобраны 2 перспективные линии: 342/08 и 143/09, которые рекомендуются для передачи на Государственное сортоиспытание.