Agronomical Institute of Campinas

The Regional Frequency Analysis (RFA) method is widely used to improve probabilistic assessments of extreme hydrometeorological events. However, its classical formulation assumes stationarity - an assumption often violated under climate change. To overcome this limitation, we propose the Non-Stationary Additive Regional Frequency Analysis (NS-Add-RFA), an extension of the additive RFA that integrates nonstationary probabilistic models to represent temporal changes in air temperature frequency distributions at the regional scale. Application of the NS-Add-RFA in controlled simulation experiments and to daily extreme maximum air temperature data from São Paulo State, Brazil (1991–2024), showed that it outperforms nonstationary at-site approaches in capturing the probabilistic structure of extremes under diverse climate and climate change scenarios. The new regionalization method revealed widespread increases in extreme air temperatures across 93% of the state, capturing changes in both the central tendency and dispersion of the series. Furthermore, it provides a more detailed and reliable trend assessment than traditional approaches such as the regional Mann–Kendall trend test. To facilitate broader adoption, we developed the R package NSTempRFA ( https://github.com/gabrielblain/NSTempRFA ), which computes all NS-Add-RFA statistics. In conclusion, the NS-Add-RFA offers a scientifically grounded framework for nonstationary regional frequency analysis, enhancing the capacity to assess and interpret extreme air temperature events under changing climate conditions.

ABSTRACT Biological nematicides have become the predominant treatment of sugarcane fields infested by nematodes, although there are few studies evaluating the effects of these products on this crop. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis (®Quartzo) and Pochonia chlamydosporia (®Rizotec) on nematode control and on sugarcane yield, comparing with a chemical nematicide, when applied on furrow. Eight experiments were carried on in São Paulo state, Brazil, infested areas, in which four treatments [no nematicide—control; carbosulfan 700EC 4 L·ha-1—standard treatment; B. subtilis + B. licheniformis (®Quartzo) 0.20 kg·ha-1; and P. chlamydosporia (®Rizotec) 1 kg·ha-1)] were applied on furrow. Carbosulfan was the most efficient treatment in Pratylenchus spp. control, reducing populations at least until four months after planting and contributing to average increases of 11% in yield. P. chlamydosporia reduced populations of Pratylenchus spp. four months after planting and promoted a productivity increase of 6% in relation to the control. The treatment with B. subtilis + B. licheniformis was less effective in nematodes control than the other treatments, and the plots treated with this biological product produced 5% more than check.

This study evaluated the agronomic performance and phytochemical stability of the ‘Comet’ hop (Humulus lupulus L.) under contrasting photoperiod management regimes (with and without supplemental lighting) in subtropical conditions over two consecutive crop cycles (2024–2025). The experiment, conducted at the School of Agricultural Sciences (FCA/UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil), followed a split-plot factorial design with ten replications. Supplemental lighting (50 W, 6500 K LED floodlights) extended the photoperiod to 17 h during the vegetative stage. Morphometric, phenological, and phytochemical parameters were analyzed, including α- and β-acid contents and essential oil composition by GC–MS and GC-FID. Supplemental lighting significantly increased plant height (590.9 cm), number of lateral branches (70.1), cone length (3.49 cm), and dry cone mass (374.6 g plant−1) while reducing the insertion height of the first cone (99.0 cm). α-Acid content increased from 9.35% to 11.92%, and essential oil content from 1.34% to 1.90%, while β-acid levels showed no significant variation. Chemical analysis identified 31 compounds, predominantly β-myrcene (65–74%) and sesquiterpenes such as (E)-caryophyllene, α-selinene, and β-selinene, exhibiting remarkable compositional stability across years and treatments. Photoperiod extension delayed floral induction, promoted biomass accumulation, and increased cone yield without altering the characteristic herbaceous–resinous aromatic profile. These findings validate supplemental lighting as a decisive strategy to optimize hop production in subtropical regions, ensuring phenological regularity, higher yield, and consistent chemical quality, thereby strengthening the viability of domestic hop cultivation in Brazil.

The scientific initiation work aims to study the relationship between the effects of humidity and temperature on the soil, with an emphasis on agriculture. Using geoelectrical methods, verifying changes in the electrical resistivity values ​​of the soil.

ABSTRACTGenomic reassortment is a well‐documented process in multisegmented viruses, including members in the genus Orthotospovirus. Comparative analysis of partial fragments of the large (L), medium (M) and small (S) segments of two orthotospovirus isolates from Adenium obesum (known as desert rose) collected in Brazil showed a higher nucleotide similarity with groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV). However, genome sequence analysis of another isolate of orthotospovirus from A. obesum revealed a reassortment event involving GRSV and tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) with L and M segments assigned to GRSV and S to TCSV (i.e., STCMGLG). The two GRSV isolates from A. obesum were not transmissible to any tested plants by mechanical inoculation, including A. obesum itself. In contrast, the STCMGLG isolate was mechanically transmitted to a number of indicator plants but not to A. obesum. Furthermore, neither STCMGLG nor GRSV isolates were able to overcome the Sw5 resistance gene in tomato.

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a crucial ingredient in beer, valued for its bitter acids and essential oils. Traditionally cultivated in temperate regions, hop production faces challenges from climate change, necessitating the exploration of new growing areas. This study evaluated the chemical quality of hop varieties grown in Brazil’s subtropical conditions to assess their suitability for brewing. Seven hop varieties (Cascade, Centennial, Columbus, Chinook, Comet, Fuggle, and Nugget) were analyzed for total α- and β-acids and essential oil composition. Bitter acids were quantified by spectrophotometric analysis, and volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Comet exhibited the highest a-acid level (10.54%), indicating strong bittering potential. Essential oil analysis revealed β-myrcene, (E)-caryophyllene, and α-humulene as predominant compounds. Centennial showed a distinct (E)-β-farnesene profile, a characteristic of noble hops. All varieties contained α- and β-selinene, suggesting a common metabolic pattern. The results indicate that Brazil has the potential to produce high-quality hops with suitable chemical profiles for brewing. As traditional hop-growing regions face climate-related challenges, hops cultivated in Brazil may offer a viable alternative for achieving the desired chemical composition required by the brewing industry.