American Medical Association

In this Formal Comment, representatives from PLOS, Nature and JAMA call for action on adopting a principle-based approach for a responsible authorship culture.

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Clavulinopsis subgenus Clavulinopsis in temperate North America is revised based on morphological analysis of 73 specimens and phylogenetic analysis of 211 DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal rDNA regions (ITS, 28S) and the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (rpb2) from 169 specimens. A majority of specimens and ITS sequences were generated by community scientists. Of the five names previously used in this group, two are maintained (C. appalachiensis and C. aurantiocinnabarina). Seven new species and one variety are described as new: C. appalachiensis var. floridana, C. cancripes, C. cautiocolorata, C. cinderella, C. ebrioexuberans, C. flammula, C. pasimenana, and C. volsiana. A discussion of macro- and micro-morphological characters used for taxonomic determination is given as well as an overview of the limited phylogenetic and biogeographic data currently available.

REB membership and its local idioculture play a key role in the decisions made. Little evidence exists as to what composition of membership expertise and training creates the conditions for a board to be most effective. This scoping review of the empirical research on REB membership and expertise aims to outline what evidence has been gathered and what gaps exist. Our main research question was: What empirical research exists on how research ethics boards (REBs) identify and train members and ensure they have adequate expertise to review research protocols? We found a small and diverse body of literature from around the world. We summarized findings in four themes: scientific expertise, ethical, legal and regulatory training and expertise, diversity of identity and perspectives, and engagement with research participant perspectives. Studies reviewed identified issues for all aspects of membership expertise and training. Further work is needed to establish best practices.

Despite broad awareness of impending existential threats to humanity, protections from these threats are not yet widely recognized as human rights. This article distinguishes human rights from legal rights, considers possible domestic and international legal approaches to rights-based protection from environmental existential threats, and offers recommendations about how to motivate such protections.

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the causal impact of rainfall shocks on crime rates in Indonesia by utilising two novel crime data sources: newspaper reports and crime victimisation data from a household survey. By leveraging the income data from the household survey, this study directly tests the economic channel through which rainfall affects crime. The findings reveal mixed results depending on the data source. Newspaper reports indicate no relationship between rainfall shocks and crime incidents. In contrast, analysis using the crime victimisation data demonstrates that positive rainfall shocks reduce the probability of becoming a victim of any crime by 12% compared with negative rainfall shocks. This reduction is driven entirely by property crimes, with no impact observed on other types of crime. These results highlight the nontrivial role of economic conditions in influencing property‐related crime. I explore various reasons that may contribute to the different results between the two data sources.