American University of Europe

Sažetak ( sa ključnim riječima): Sažetak: U ovom radu autori ispituju odnos između načela slobode ugovaranja i različitih mjera za sprječavanje nekontroliranog rasta cijena osnovnih proizvoda u zemljama naše regije (pod našom regijom mislimo na zemlje bivše jugoslavenske Federacije). Autori analiziraju razdoblje od siječnja 2025. i mjere ograničenja cijena i marži za određene proizvode i usluge, koje su zemlje naše regije usvojile nakon “balkanskog bojkota trgovačkih lanaca”. Paralelno s tim, rad analizira provedbu pravnih propisa EU, radi osiguranja poštenih poslovnih praksi u lancu opskrbe poljoprivrednim i prehrambenim proizvodima, gdje se velikim trgovačkim lancima daju nove odgovornosti. U Republici Sjevernoj Makedoniji, provedba propisa EU o poštenim poslovnim praksama u lancima opskrbe predstavlja se kao način postizanja nižih cijena osnovnih proizvoda za potrošače. Što se dogodilo krajem 2024. i početkom 2025. godine na tržištu poljoprivrednih, prehrambenih i drugih osnovnih proizvoda (koji čine tzv. potrošačku košaricu) u većini balkanskih zemalja? Može se prepoznati nekoliko povezanih okolnosti: iznimno brzi porast cijena poljoprivrednih, prehrambenih i osnovnih proizvoda - i vrijednosti potrošačke košarice; potrošači su organizirali bojkot velikih supermarketa; vlade su fiksirale cijene određenih proizvoda i usluga; neke zemlje su donijele nove ili izmijenile postojeće zakone kako bi osigurale poštenu poslovnu praksu; pojačan nadzor od strane tržišnih i drugih inspekcijskih tijela; povećana aktivnost tijela/komisija za zaštitu tržišnog natjecanja; veća pozornost posvećena je financijskoj disciplini; te su se dogodile promjene u poreznoj i carinskoj politici. Svi ovi događaji i njihov utjecaj na osnovna načela ugovornog prava u tržišnom gospodarstvu, na zaštitu tržišnog natjecanja i na zaštitu prava potrošača, inspirirali su autore na pisanje ovog rada. Rad je podijeljen u sedam dijelova. U uvodu autori objašnjavaju motiv pisanja rada i složenost situacije koja je nastala u našoj regiji, uvjetovanu djelovanjem različitih čimbenika, kao i moguća rješenja za dugoročno rješavanje problema. U sljedećim dijelovima rada autori raspravljaju o karakteristikama modernog ugovornog prava. Zatim se bave problemom ograničavanja slobode ugovaranja, kao jednog od najvažnijih načela ugovornog prava, koje proizlazi iz autonomije volje. Autori ispituju granice slobode ugovaranja u propisima za zaštitu poštenih trgovačkih praksi u lancu opskrbe poljoprivrednim i prehrambenim proizvodima. Također raspravljaju što ti propisi znače za tržišno gospodarstvo i slobodno natjecanje, kao i o mjerama državnog intervencionizma ograničavanjem cijena i marži određenih proizvoda, te kada su takve mjere opravdane i dopuštene. Cilj je ukazati na to da zakonom propisana ograničenja načela slobode ugovaranja mogu dovesti do ostvarenja drugih važnih načela ugovornog prava: jednakosti ugovornih stranaka, načela savjesnosti i poštenja te zabrane zlouporabe prava. Autori također ističu da je takozvani “balkanski bojkot velikih tržnica” izazvao određene reakcije i države i trgovaca. U Zaključnim napomenama autori opisuju kratkoročna iskustva u Republici Sjevernoj Makedoniji s primjenom novih propisa za zaštitu poštenih trgovinskih praksi, prava tržišnog natjecanja i prava potrošača. Također, u zaključnim napomenama autori ukazuju koja tijela u zemljama regije mogu i trebaju biti maksimalno angažirana u ispunjavanju svojih zadataka i ovlasti kako bi pomogla u smanjenju, ako ne i potpunom zaustavljanju, rasta cijena. Ključne riječi: ugovorno pravo, sloboda ugovaranja, poštena trgovinska praksa, jednakost ugovornih stranaka, tržišno natjecanje, nadzorna tijela, trgovci u lancu opskrbe, prava potrošača Summary: The authors examine in this paper the relationship between the principle of freedom of contract and various measures to prevent uncontrolled price increases for basic products in the countries of our region (by our region, we mean the countries of the former Yugoslav federation)The authors analyze the period from January 2025 and the measures to limit prices and margins for certain products and services, which the countries of our region adopted after the “Balkan boycott of retail chains.” In parallel, the paper analyzes the implementation of EU legal regulations for ensuring fair trade practices in the supply chain of agricultural and food products, where large retail chains are given new responsibilities.In the Republic of North Macedonia, the implementation of EU regulations for fair trade practices in supply chains is presented as a way to achieve lower prices for basic products for consumers. What was happening at the end of 2024 and the beginning of 2025 in the market for agricultural, food, and other basic products (which make up the so-called consumer basket) in most Balkan countries? Several related conditions can be identified: the extremely rapid increase in prices of agricultural, food, and basic products-and the value of the consumer basket; consumers organized a boycott of large supermarkets; governments fixed the prices of certain products and services; some countries passed new or amended existing laws to ensure fair business practices; there was increased supervision by market and other inspection bodies; increased activity of bodies/commissions for the protection of competition; greater attention was paid to financial discipline; and changes were made in tax and customs policy.All these events, and their impact on the basic principles of contract law in a market economy, on the protection of competition, and on the protection of consumer rights, inspired the authors to write this paper. The paper is divided into seven parts.In the Introduction, the authors explain the motive for writing the paper and the complexity of the situation that has arisen in our region, conditioned by the action of various factors, as well as possible solutions for the long-term resolution of the problem.In the following parts of the paper, the authors discuss the characteristics of modern contract law.Then, they address the problem of limiting the freedom of contract as one of the most important principles of contract law, stemming from the autonomy of the will.The authors examine the limits of the freedom of contract in regulations for the protection of fair trade practices in the supply chain of agricultural and food products.They also discuss what these regulations mean for the market economy and free competition, as well as measures of state interventionism by limiting prices and margins of certain products and when such measures are justified and permitted.The aim is to indicate that the legally prescribed limits of the principle of freedom of contract can lead to the realization of other important principles of contract law: equality of contractual parties, the principles of conscientiousness and honesty, or the prohibition of abuse of rights.The authors also point out that the so-called “Balkan boycott of large markets” has caused certain reactions from both the state and traders.However, what the effects are and will be, and whether certain benefits for consumers will last, remains to be seen, and only time will tell. In the Concluding Remarks, the authors describe the experiences in the Republic of North Macedonia with the short-term implementation of new regulations for the protection of fair trading practices, competition law, and consumer law. Likewise, in the concluding remarks, the authors indicate which authorities in the countries of the region can and should be maximally engaged in fulfilling their tasks and powers in order to help reduce, if not entirely stop, the increase in prices. Keywords: contract law, freedom of contract, fair business practice, equality of contractual parties, competition, supervisory authorities, traders in the supply chain, consumer rights

In this paper, the emphasis is placed on the implementation and integration of terrestrial and UAV photogrammetry to obtain a complete spatial model.The protection of cultural heritage is always a serious challenge for all countries, a task that requires the mobilization and coordination of many different human and material resources from several sectors.The possibility of rematerializing the data as physical three-dimensional objects requires new research and in that direction the expected results are that the final product generated with a combined approach will be a plus step towards the digital documentation of the cultural heritage and its long-term preservation.

The expansion of cities in North Macedonia is the broader framework in relation to which the research will be located. In this paper -the expansion of the outskirts and the low-rise housing will be specifi cally researched in the suburbs of Tetovo. The problem is in the overall buildings today in the suburbs because, on one hand, the residential informal buildings prevail, whereas, on the other hand, profi teering aspects dominate. It is supposed that the low-rise residential building recommended in the planning documents does not follow the real social needs. The research paper refers to the development of suburbs in the city of Tetovo, where it will investigate how the outskirts of the same city have changed over the last decades and what is happening in them from a morphological and program aspect. The research aims to recognise growth patterns in the low-rise residential neighbourhoods in the suburbs, which will be examined on the methodological level through a chronological review of the archival documentation and observation of the actual situations of the same physical contexts. The research asserts that the city's development only partially follows the planning documentation, i.e., a major part of the low-rise residential buildings is built in agricultural land and zones planned for retail and industry. The lack of a vision for low-rise housing in the suburbs and the absence of plans tailored accordingly to the social needs prevent low-rise housing from becoming an innovative tool for the city's growth. The building of low-rise housing in the suburbs should be based on the idea that low-rise housing is a specifi c option for growth resulting from careful consideration and evaluation of the spatial and social context. Therefore, the planning of low-rise housing in the suburbs should be understood as an open form of experimental architecture to improve their quality of life in them and help the city grow in a better and more controlled way.

A gestão pública na contemporaneidade busca problematizar os desafios da vida societária, abrindo canais de diálogos junto aos públicos. Nessa linha a transparência e o controle interno são ferramentas indispensáveis nos processos da administração. O presente trabalho apresenta a seguinte questão: Como a aplicação do Controle Interno pode contribuir para ampliar o diálogo, subsidiando a tomada de decisões na Gestão Pública do município de Rondon do Pará, sudeste paraense? Com isso, o objetivo foi analisar a aplicabilidade do Controle Interno como uma ferramenta colaborativa nas tomadas de decisões na Gestão Pública. Para isso, a metodologia utilizada foi a qualitativa, com base no estudo de caso, tendo como procedimentos a revisão bibliográfica sobre os temas: Gestão Pública, Controle Interno, Controle Interno na Gestão Pública Municipal e a aplicação de questionário semiestruturado, visando obter as informações necessários sobre o objeto de pesquisa. O estudo permitiu apontar que o Controle Interno tem aplicabilidade na gestão pública municipal, servindo como uma ferramenta colaborativa e dialógica nas tomadas de decisões, gerando benefícios ao ente público e à sociedade, maior beneficiária dos serviços possibilitados pela gestão pública.

Embankment dams' failure is often caused by overtopping during flood wavecaused by insufficient spillway capacity.Failure can also be caused by progressive seepage through the dam's body as a result of increased contact seepage alongside an internal manmade waterway.Other causes for dam failure, include: slope instability of embankment dams, damages in the dam body caused by earthquakes, liquefaction of earth dams under static and seismic action, and flood waves caused by earthquakeinduced landslides into the reservoirs from the valley sides [1].According to ICOLD, the most common reason for embankment dams' failure is overtopping -3035% of all registered cases.During dam failure, as result of the immediate discharge of the impounded water in the reservoiror impounded flotation tailings at tailings waste lagoon -in the downstream river valley, a catastrophic flood wave makes its hazardous way towards destruction.Normally, the time needed for the flood wave warning system to activate, is much shorter than the time needed for the formation of the flood wave caused by rainfallrunoff.Thereafter, depending on the location of the dam, a potential dam failureespecially in case of tailings dam failurecould result in catastrophic losses of human lives, destruction of agricultural land and long-term degradation of the environment.In this manner, as follows, results of 2D analysis for flood propagation at a cascade system of tailings dams Sasa 3-2 and Sasa 4 are analyzed.Both cascade dams are located in the northeast part of RN Macedonia, on river Saska.The analysis is conducted with the use of the software program HEC RAS.

close cooperation with the United States. That is why they are all candidates for NATO and the EU, which is perfectly illustrated by the words of the Lithuanian ambassador to France, Giedrius Cekuolis: "NATO and the EU are like dad and mom to us, and we cannot choose between the two". The connection between these two processes suggests that the Euro-Atlantic integration of the countries of the former communist camp was inevitable, although in theory and practice there are opposing viewpoints that believe that it was a drastic mistake by America and the EU.

Introduction/Objective. Dental patient-reported outcome measures are very important in a diseasespecific population such as edentulous subjects. The aim of the study was to adapt the Oral Health Impact Profile for Edentulous Subjects (OHIP-EDENT) in the cultural environment of North Macedonia. Methods. This study adapted the original 19-item version of the OHIP-EDENT. After the forward?backward translation according to international standards, the OHIP-EDENT-MAC was psychometrically tested in 109 complete denture wearers. Results. The Cronbach?s ? coefficient of 0.892 confirmed good internal consistency. Test?retest reliability was confirmed by high intraclass correlation coefficient of the summary scores (0.986; 95% confidence interval 0.968?0.993). The concurrent validity was confirmed by the Spearman?s rank correlation coefficient (r = -0.654) between the OHIP-EDENT-MAC summary scores and a single question which rated satisfaction with the existing removable dentures using a five-point scale (1 = unsatisfied, 5 = completely satisfied). Construct validity was confirmed by exploratory factor analysis. All item loadings were above 0.4. Items grouped in four factors (dimensions), which explained 66.25% of the variance, in both non-rotated and rotated matrices. Good responsiveness was confirmed in 33 participants after complete denture relining. Their OHIP Summary score (33.09 ?} 11.61) decreased significantly (t = 7.68; df = 32; p < 0.001) after treatment (24.39 ?} 8). The standardized effect size was 0.75, representing moderate to large effect. Conclusion. The OHIP-EDENT-MAC showed satisfactory psychometric properties providing evidence for its use in edentulous population of North Macedonia.

Pirarucu has enormous potential for aquaculture due to its rusticity, accelerated growth, quality of meat and devoid of intramuscular bones.Thus, information regarding the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of your meat is important to increase its consumption.Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the protein and lipid composition of the Pirarucu meat submitted to two types of diet: Diet -A (forager's fish) and B (ration commercial), in order to verify the influence of food on the deposition of nutrients in the carcass.Our results showed that Pirarucus that received the Diet -B had higher protein deposition in their carcass.On the other hand, animals on Diet -A had a higher deposition of lipids.

The development of human resources that finds an important practical application in enterprises from the developed world, account facts which refer to the conclusion that satisfaction of employee can greatly contribute to increasing productivity in enterprises and in states from whole world.Today, businesses are facing major challenges, resulting from rapid changes in technology, organizations and the overall business environment. These challenges include a number of aspects, such as economic, legal and regulatory issues, environmental and ethical dilemmas. That is exactly what imposes the need for effective leadership to lead the organization forward. Leadership is an influence on the behavior of others, so the leader directs employees towards the pursuit of goals. Here you can see the role of the leader, which is his help and support in dealing with the employee turnover in the organization.The purpose of this paper is not only highlighting the importance of the problem, but offering more adequate ways to manage employee turnover and developing the capacity of organizations for their long-term development.