Anatrace

The Permian Basin of west Texas spans two major subbasins — the Midland Basin and the Delaware Basin. Both basins contain Wolfcampian- to Leonardian-age turbidites that form thick sections of prolific unconventional reservoirs. For the past several years, the most active drilling targets in the United States have been the Wolfberry turbidite interval of the Midland Basin and the Wolfbone turbidite interval in the Delaware Basin. We have used two new technologies to examine the internal architecture and fabric of a thick interval of these unconventional drilling targets with seismic reflection seismology. First, we used seismic interpretation software that uses unsupervised machine learning (ML), so that a higher level of detail could be extracted from seismic images. Second, we complemented our P-P imaging of Wolfberry turbidites with a new seismic imaging option, that being SV-P (or converted-P) imaging. Because vertical vibrators, particularly arrays of vertical vibrators, produce downgoing P and downgoing SV illuminating wavefields, SV-P reflections can usually be extracted from the same vertical-geophone responses as are P-P reflections. The combination of these two images essentially doubles the amount of information that can be extracted from data generated by P sources and recorded with vertical geophones. SV-P imaging with P sources has been ignored by reflection seismologists for decades, so we felt an obligation to illustrate the value of this ignored seismic mode. These two new tools — SV-P imaging and interpreting P-P and SV-P images via unsupervised ML — expanded our insights into the internal architecture and fabric of Wolfberry turbidites. Our work provides interpreters a much-needed example of applying unsupervised ML technology in a joint interpretation of P- and S-wave data.

Humates and Humic Substances are found in nature and are components of soil humus. Humates function in a wide variety of natural soil processes including chelating of metals, stimulation of soil microbial activity, degradation of organic matter. It has been demonstrated to have soil amending characteristic.Humic Dispersible Granules (DG) contains four main elements of humate products, HAP, Humic Acid, Fulvic Acid and Humin. All have valuable functions as soil amendments. Humic acid not only stimulates soil microbial activity and is thought to act as catalyst for soil enzymatic activity. It is thought to be essential for plant nutrient in soils. Fulvic acid is a strong chelating agent that can strip metals from salt ions and are especially active stimulating soil microbes when in the presence of a supply of nitrogen.Humic products available as soil amendments for root zone construction vary in quality and difficulty of use in practice. Humic DG will be examined as a novel form of Humate, beneficial to low CEC soils and in use. Its mode of activity allows Humic substances to self incorporate into soil on application. This is accomplished through patented dispersing technology creating thousands of sub‐particles. The dispersed sub particles providing more surface area for Humates to decompose into Humic substance to be available to plant s in these low organic soils.

Editor I applaud Dr. Edwin Leap for his courageous comments on the state of emergency services in the United States. Physicians should take a leadership role in addressing some of the issues he has raised in “Remove the Blinders and See the Light” (EMN January, p. 15). Many simply fear the consequences of “political correctness” run amuck, and do not speak out or participate in the process to address the issues raised. Many of the concerns outlined are not limited to emergency medicine, and have stretched the entire health care system nearly to the breaking point. Although we pride ourselves for being able to provide all patients with the finest (and most expensive) advancements and technologies in medicine, we lag far behind in terms of important positive health outcomes. In the near future, we will face a health care crisis that will be characterized by persistently increasing demand for services in the face of ongoing increases in health care costs and decreases in funding to meet these demands. As Dr. Leap so eloquently outlined, in the face of finite (and dwindling) resources, society cannot continue to place infinite demands on physicians, nurses, hospitals, and other providers of health care. In the national interest, we must address funding of health care services, liability reform, appropriate use of health care dollars, and sensible health care legislation that is feasible and practical. In the absence of urgent action and collaboration on the part of our government and the private sector, we face hospital and emergency department closures, decreased access, and increasing costs with little to show for our efforts in terms of improvements in the public health. Vikas Kapil, DO, MPH Maumee, OH

High, K. M.; Snider, M. T.; Panol, G. R.J.; Richard, R. B.; Gray, D. Author Information