- Research Article
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- 10.1016/j.mineng.2018.12.024
Process modelling and simulation of bitumen mining and recovery from oil sands
- Jan 30, 2019
- Minerals Engineering
- Manu Suvarna + 2 more +2
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Process modelling and simulation of bitumen mining and recovery from oil sands
Effect of LC refining intensity on fractionated and unfractionated mechanical pulp
アンドリッツの最新アンダーマシン・パルパー技術
成熟した産業にあっては,増産益を見込みにくいため,大型設備投資,コストのかかる最新技術の導入は抑制される傾向にある。製紙産業では,数多くの多くの抄紙機が稼働している。時代のニーズに合わせ,製造品種の変更,生産ラインの統合・合理化更には工場統合が行なわれると同時に,設備の老朽化対策,効率化,近代化をしなければならない。マシンをより高速化し,生産性を上げると共に,省エネルギー,品質改善,生産コストの低減が重要となる。マシンの高速化に対応するために,マシン下パルパーの能力アップも求められる。既設設備を最大限に有効活用し,より少ないコストで近代化することは,競争力,収益性の観点から重要である。これは,北米,欧州そして日本など先進国に共通の課題である。
Read more連続蒸解装置の発展の歴史とアンドリッツの最新技術
今日主流となっているKPパルプ製造用の連続蒸解装置(連釜)は70年の開発の歴史を有する。1940年代,スウェーデンKamyr ABのJohan Richterにより原料チップを安定して連続的に高圧の反応槽に送り込む高圧フィーダー技術が発明され,バッチ釜方式に代わる連釜技術の歴史が始まった。商業用1号機は,日産50トンの規模であったが,現在は,5,000T/D以上のパルプ生産,原料供給としては10,000T/Dの大型連釜が稼働している。70年の間,KP蒸解プロセスに様々な改良開発が,また,改良プロセスの操業を可能にする数多くの機器,装置開発が行われてきた。
Read moreアンドリッツ社最新スラッジ脱水設備
アンドリッツ社は,スラッジ脱水分野においても長年の経験と実績を持っている。最近の例では,2010年4月にドイツにあるPalms社キングス・リン工場にスラッジ処理量540ton―ds/dayの脱水設備一式を納入した。スラッジ脱水設備としては,従来より,ベルトプレッシャーフィルター及びスクリュープレスが使用されているが,アンドリッツ社は,これらの脱水設備の前段に設置する予備脱水機として,重力を利用したグラビティーテーブル(GT)を開発し,製造販売している。低濃度(2―4%)のスラッジを,GTで16―20%濃度まで予備脱水することにより,後段のベルトプレッシャーフィルターあるいはスクリュープレスでの脱水がより効果的に行われる。DIPスラッジの場合,GT+スクリュープレスの組み合わせにより,固形分濃度として60―70%まで脱水可能になる。上記のキングス・リン工場でも予定通り固形分濃度の保証値を達成して検収となっている。本稿においては,特に,グラビティーテーブル(GT)とベルトプレシャーフィルター(CPF),あるいは,グラビティーテーブル(GT)+スクリュープレス(SCS)の組み合わせ使用に焦点を絞り,その特長,効果,経済的メリット,実績等について紹介する。
Read moreInclusion of a pressurized acidolysis stage in chemical pulp bleaching
Hardwood soda-AQ pulps are believed to be rich in benzyl sugar ethers (BSE) that can be partially cleaved by aqueous acidic treatments. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of acidolysis on final bleached brightness for kraft and soda-AQ (SAQ) hardwood pulps. The increase in final brightness due to acidolysis at 110 °C was twice as high for a eucalyptus SAQ pulp as compared to the kraft pulp. An oxygen delignified maple C-SAQ pulp (carbonate pre-treated SAQ) was acidolyzed at 120 °C and pH 2.6 for 30 min. When 1.60% ClO2 + 0.25% H2O2 on pulp was used in DEPD final bleaching of the control sample a brightness of 91.5% was achieved. When only 1.00% ClO2 + 0.25% H2O2 on pulp was used for the acidolyzed sample a brightness of 92.0% was attained. Analyses of the maple pulp after the acidolysis showed no major change in lignin content, brightness, or pulp yield. The minor changes suggest that a facile reaction such as benzyl ether cleavage was responsible for the improved bleachability. Preliminary research involving a lignin model compound and commercial birch xylan showed that lignin-carbohydrate condensation products were generated under SAQ cooking conditions. Furthermore, a fraction of these lignin-carbohydrate moieties were subsequently cleaved by acidolysis at pH 2.5 and 105 °C.
Read moreChemical characterization and biotreatability of effluents from an integrated alkaline-peroxide mechanical pulping/machine finish coated (APMP/MFC) paper mill
As part of an extensive audit of the Alkaline-Peroxide Mechanical Pulping (APMPTM) plant at the Malette Quebec Inc. mill in St. Raymond, Que., effluents were sampled from various stages of the process for comprehensive chemical characterizations, aquatic toxicity testing and anaerobic biotreatability assessments. In addition, untreated and secondary treated combined effluent from the integrated paper mill were sampled to determine the effectiveness of a conventional activated sludge process at the mill site. During the one-day sampling period, the APMP plant processed a mixed wood furnish consisting of 50% spruce/balsam fir and 50% aspen, with a chemical charge of 3.5% sodium hydroxide and 3.8% hydrogen peroxide on oven-dry fibre, while the Machine Finish Coated (MFC) paper production rate was 100 odt/d (oven dry metric tonnes per day). Measured production-specific contaminant discharge loadings from the novel APMP process were 56 kg BOD5/odt and 155 kg COD/odt in a combined effluent flow of 28 m3/odt. Sources of process effluent were chip washing, three stages of wood chip pretreatment and chemical impregnation (i.e., Impressafiner stages), interstate washing and pulp cleaning. The three Impressafiner pressates were found to be the most concentrated (i.e., 12-26 g COD/L) and toxic streams. Microtox testing of the pressates revealed EC50 concentrations of 0.07-0.34% v/v. The warm and concentrated effluents generated by the non-sulphur APMP process were found to be highly amenable to anaerobic degradation as determined by batch bioassay testing. Filterable BOD5 and COD(f) of the process effluents were reduced by 87-95% and 70-77%, respectively, with corresponding theoretical methane yields being attained. Acid-soluble dissolved lignin compounds exhibited biorecalcitrance, as revealed by limited removals of 34-55%, and were the main constituents contributing to residual COD(f), while resin and fatty acids (RFA) were reduced by 80-94%. The conservatively operated full scale activated sludge treatment process achieved a similar high 74% COD(f) removal from the whole mill effluent, while BOD5 and RFA reductions were virtually complete and the treated effluent was non-toxic, as measured by Microtox.
Read moreChemical characterization and biotreatability of effluents from an integrated alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping/machine finish coated (APMP/MFC) paper mill