Aomori Chuo Gakuin University

During the Edo period, Hachinohe Castle served as the residence of the Nanbu clan, the lords of the Hachinohe domain, and simultaneously functioned as the local government office. Although an analytical company reported on the soil samples from toilet remains within the castle, this study conducted a new analysis. Not only were Trichuris trichiura eggs found in Layer 21, but Metagonimus yokogawai and Dibothriocephalus nihonkaienesis eggs were also present. In Layer 20, which was initially thought to be free of parasitic organisms, T. trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, and M. yokogawai eggs were discovered. This paper discusses the differing results from previous studies, which demonstrate that the analytical methodology of Japanese archaeoparasitology is not yet well established, and suggests ways to improve it.

The central symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is deficiency in social communication, which is generally viewed as being caused by pragmatic impairment (PI). PI is difficulty in using language appropriately in social situations. Studies have confirmed that PI is the result of neurological, cognitive, linguistic, and sensorimotor dysfunctions involving intricately intertwined factors. To elucidate the whole picture of this impairment, an approach from a multifaceted perspective fusing those factors is necessary. To this end, comprehensive PI mapping is a must, since no comprehensive mapping has yet been developed. The aim of this research is to present a model of annotation scheme development and corpus construction to efficiently visualize and quantify for statistical investigation occurrences of PI, which enables comprehensive mapping of PI in the spoken language of Japanese ASD individuals. We constructed system networks (lexicogrammatical option systems speakers make choices from) in the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, from which we developed an annotation scheme to comprehensively cover PI. Since system network covers all possible lexicogrammatical choices in linguistic interaction, it enables a comprehensive view of where and in what lexicogrammar PI occurs. Based on this annotation scheme, we successfully developed the Corpus of ASD + Typically Developed Spoken Language consisting of texts from 1,187 audiotaped tasks performed by 186 ASD and 106 typically developed subjects, accommodating approximately 1.07 million morphemes. Moreover, we were successful in the automatization of the annotation process by machine learning, accomplishing a 90 percent precision rate. We exemplified the mapping procedure with a focus on the spoken use of negotiating particles. Our model corpus is applicable to any language by incorporating our method of constructing the annotation scheme, and would give impetus to defining PI from a cross-linguistic point of view, which is needed because PI of ASD reflects cross-linguistic differences.

In the field of new economic geography, recent years have produced new empirical attempts to investigate the wage structure resulting from regional potentials. Pioneering studies are reported by Hanson (2005) , Redding and Venables (2004) and Brakman et al. (2006) . Although the model structure is somewhat complicated, the idea is simple and familiar because of its relation to traditional gravity analysis. Regional potentials are determined by market access and supplier access. In regions with a large market or numerous suppliers, firms have advantages in competition over firms in other regions. Employees in such regions receive higher wages. This paper constructs a new economic geography model of Japan, and takes a simulation approach to investigate the transition of regional potentials and labor distributions with trends of a decrease in transportation costs. We first calibrate the main parameters (including the elasticity of substitution, transportation cost levels, etc.) , and derive the regional potentials in Japan. Then we predict (and replicate) the transition of regional potentials and labor distribution by changing the transportation costs. Consequently, we show that (i) the simulation result approaches the actual labor distribution, (ii) decreased transportation costs stimulate the dispersion of economic activities, and (iii) the simulation replicates the following the historical movement of the economic center of Japan. Some time ago, economic activities were concentrated in the Kansai area (including Kyoto and Osaka) when transportation costs were extremely high, but these activities were displaced to the Kanto area (including Tokyo) as transportation costs decreased.JEL Classification: R11, R12, F12