Aomori University

In the version of the article initially published, the scale bar in Fig. 3d was labelled "Proton density (10 -5 -3 )" and read (from top to bottom) "1.0, 0.5, 0" but should have been labelled "Proton density (10 -1 -3 )" and have read (from top to bottom) "1.7, 0.7, 0".In the Fig.

融雪が遅い寒冷地の乾田直播栽培では春作業の適期が短いため，規模拡大のためには春作業の分散化が重要である．本研究では，プラウ耕鎮圧体系により11月中旬の初冬に乾田直播したイネ（以下，初冬播き）の生育，収量，品質について慣行的な春に乾田直播したイネ （以下，春播き） と比較し，その特徴を明らかにすることを目的とした．春播きに比べ初冬播きでは苗立ち率と苗立ち本数は劣ったが，出芽始期が早く，苗の葉齢の進展も早く，生育も優れていた．初冬播きの生育量は7月上旬では春播きよりも旺盛であったが，7月下旬は有意な差は認められなかった．初冬播きの出穂期，成熟期は春播きよりも，それぞれ7日，15日早く，初冬播きと春播きで収量，品質に明瞭な差は認められなかった．これらの結果から，寒冷地におけるプラウ耕鎮圧体系による初冬乾田直播栽培は春播きの播種や収穫などの作業時期の分散化に適していることが明らかとなった．今後は，初冬播きの旺盛な初期生育を活かした高品質，安定生産のために，7月中下旬の生育を確保するための施肥体系の確立が重要であると考えられた．

Abstract. We investigate bidirectional wake effects between two identical wind turbines in a hill region of northern Japan using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data and validate the performance of 12 wake models. The two turbines are located 3.7 times a rotor diameter apart with a different elevation of half of a rotor diameter. We identify the wake effects in terms of wind speed ratio, which is defined as a ratio of wind speed at the downstream wind turbine to that at the upstream wind turbine. By comparing the conditions according to the operating state of the upstream wind turbine, the wakes are clearly detected as minimum wind speed ratios for northeasterly and southwesterly winds. The wind speed ratio decreases with inflow wind speed below the rated wind speed. Increase in turbulence intensity and decrease in power output are greater for southwesterly wind than for northeasterly wind because of the combined effects of the turbine-induced wake and the terrain-induced reduction in wind speed. Then, we compare the simulated wakes from the validate the wake models implemented in PyWake software by using simulated wind fields derived from Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The wind speed ratios derived from the models show strong dependence on inflow wind speed, reflecting the thrust curve used in the engineering wake models. The wake models commonly overestimate the reduction in wind speed for northeasterly wind and underestimate it for southwesterly wind. Thus, this study demonstrates that additional topographic effects alter the wake effects.

稲作における営農面積の拡大や温暖化環境に対応した省力化技術に資するため，近年，機械化が実用可能になった疎播苗の特性とその温度応答について東北地域の主要銘柄品種を用いて調査した．試験1では岩手大学において「あきたこまち」を3月下旬から6月中旬にかけて5回に分けて播種を繰り返し，疎播（乾籾60 g 箱—1），標準（同120 g箱—1），密播（同240 g箱—1）の3条件で育苗した稚苗および中苗の苗質を調査した．疎播苗は積算地温の上昇に伴う葉齢進展や地上部および根乾物重の増加が標準や密播よりも大きかった．また，疎播苗は草丈あたりの乾物重が大きく，他の播種密度よりも高い苗充実度を示した．試験2の東北地域の主要銘柄品種における疎播苗 （同65～80 g箱—1） と慣行苗 （同120～160 g箱—1） の比較においても，疎播苗は栽培地や品種に関わらず，積算気温が400～700℃日の範囲において慣行苗よりも高い乾物重と苗充実度を示した．いずれの試験においても疎播苗は温度1℃あたりの乾物生産量が他の播種密度よりも大きく，このことが幅広い温度域における優れた乾物生産能や苗充実度に寄与していた．したがって，春の異常昇温や大規模経営体での移植作業の遅れに伴う育苗期間の延長など，育苗時の温度環境が上昇した場合でも疎播苗は優れた苗質を維持できることから，移植時期が長期となる大規模経営体や温暖化環境に適応した技術であると考えられる．

Radiation therapy (RT) rarely induces tumor regression at untreated metastatic sites, the so-called abscopal effect. A syngeneic tumor (EG7) transplanted into a Th1-dominant mouse strain (C57BL/6) regressed significantly on the treated side and less on the contralateral side after RT. Additional subcutaneous administration of ARNAX, a non-inflammatory adjuvant, further accelerated tumor regression on the untreated side. This suggests that ARNAX after RT significantly enhances the tumor regression effect on the irrelevant tumor.Based on this setting, we next observed similar tumor shrinkage after RT and ARNAX by transplanting syngeneic breast cancer tumors (4T1) into a Th2-dominant mouse strain (BALB/c). The results were as follows: 1. ARNAX enhanced RT-mediated tumor shrinkage comparable to polyI:C; 2. In the Th2 mouse strain, little tumor regression occurred on the untreated side compared to tumor regression on the treated side after RT alone; 3. RT+ARNAX treatment caused additive regression on the treated side and induced slight tumor regression on the untreated side; 4. PD-L1 antibody + RT combination therapy caused tumor regression and further induced additive regression with ARNAX; 5. The combination of RT and ARNAX reduced the number and volume of lung metastases compared to RT alone. However, tumor regression was not always accompanied by a significant prolongation of survival in the mice receiving our regimen and protocol (one 10Gy radiation and a single ARNAX treatment). In conclusion, RT therapy promoted abscopal tumor regression in both Th2 and Th1 models with the addition of the non-inflammatory adjuvant ARNAX.

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen metabolism change during continuous exercise depending on exercise intensity in accordance with the magnitude of exertion. Perception of effort and will to perform exercise are closely related with function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the underlying physiological mechanisms remain to be elucidated. To estimate changes in cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) and CBF in the PFC during exercise, near-infrared time resolved spectroscopy (TRS) has advantages since absolute changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (ScO2) can be detected. PURPOSE: To identify if exercise induced changes of CMRO2 and CBV in the PFC may differ between low- and high-intensity exercise, and to clarify if the association between cerebral perfusion and oxygen metabolism may be affected. METHODS: Twelve recreationally active men (age, 24 ± 6 years) performed 15-min of low-intensity constant-load cycling exercise (ExL; 33 ± 6% VO2max), while ten men of identical characteristics (age, 21 ± 1 years) performed the similar bout of high-intensity (ExH; 64 ± 8% VO2max). Respiratory and cardiovascular parameters and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Cerebral oxygenation in both sides of PFC was measured during ExL and ExH by TRS indicating ScO2 and total hemoglobin concentration ([HbT]), an index of CBV. Changes from the baseline in CBV (rCBV), CMRO2 (rCMRO2) and oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) were estimated, assuming a constant power law relationship between CBF and CBV. Comparisons for variables were made using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. RESULTS: RPE differed between ExL and ExH, 8.8 ± 1.1 and 13.1 ± 1.6 a.u. in Borg scale. Compared with ExL, rCBV after ExH increased significantly (p < 0.0026) in the left PFC by 13%, as rCMRO2 induced by exercise did not different between ExL and ExH for both sides of PFC. (p = 0.49 and 0.84, in the right and left). rOEF correlated with rCMRO2 greater in ExL (R2 = 0.81) compared with ExH (R2 = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic exercise induces dissociated relationships in cerebral perfusion and oxygen metabolism in a manner that CMRO2 would be preserved by OEF depending on exercise intensity. Our results imply that changes in this relationship may reflect the function of the PFC associated with perception of effort.

Introduction: Although organized camp experiences are known to improve mental health in children and adolescents, some studies have reported an increase in negative affect. The content that participants experienced in the activity may underlie these inconsistencies. Additionally, environmental sensitivity moderated the relationship between various factors and mental health. This study involved children and adolescents participating in an organized camp program and investigated the interactive effects of sensitivity and experiential content on mental health.Methods: A total of 393 students (fifth to seventh grade) participated in an organized camp program for two days and responded to a three-wave longitudinal survey (pre-and post-program, and one-month follow-up). Results: Latent growth model-based analyses indicated that Experiences of Challenge/Mastery and Self-Disclosure significantly predicted better mental health, as assessed in the follow-up survey. However, when sensitivity score was lower than M – 0.38SD, the significant association was not found between the Experience of Self-Disclosure and mental health. Conclusion: The current findings may provide insights into the planning and practice of organized camp programs. Specifically, it is important to consider participants’ sensitivity levels and experience content.