Aptiv (Italy)

Online diagnosis of lithium-ion battery in electrical vehicles is of paramount importance to assess battery performance and degradation, thus improving the operation efficiency and preventing faults. This work investigates the feasibility of implementing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the online monitoring of battery cell state parameters, such as the the state-of-health (SoH) and the cycling ageing, in the framework of common industrial procedures for automotive applications. SoH and ageing cell are assessed by typical laboratory tests in automotive grade environment, together with EIS measurements performed both at specific check points and online, during the charging/discharging tests involved in the procedure. The battery impedance measurements are conducted by means of a custom-designed EIS-based sensing system, implementing a multi-band multisine excitation strategy for fast measurement time (as required by online EIS) while preserving good accuracy. Compared with automotive laboratory instrumentation, the online multi-band multisine EIS demonstrated to be suitable for the real-time monitoring of both the battery impedance evolution and the ageing trend.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Heavy truck brake blocks are found to swell (or expand) permanently during testing or usage, especially so at high temperatures, thus leading to longer durability as measured by thickness loss, similar to light vehicle disc pads. This swelling phenomenon occurs continuously in the layer adjacent to the friction surface during testing or usage; not a one time event. The thickness loss estimated from the weight loss is always greater than measured thickness loss. Brake block wear does not increase linearly with increasing normal load, and the load-sensitivity of block wear is very much dependent on the products. A new test procedure has been developed for generating friction-vs.-temperature and wear-vs.-temperature data at a constant temperature employing intermittent braking on the Chase Brake Lining Quality Tester (SAE J661) and friction material wear can be compared on equivalent-work basis.</div></div>

The paper presents a model-based approach to testing embedded automotive software systems in a real-time. Model-based testing approach relates to a process of creating test artifacts using various kinds of models. Real-time testing involves the use of a real-time environment to implement test application. Engineers shall use real-time testing techniques to achieve greater reliability and/or determinism in a test system. The paper contains an instruction how to achieve these objectives by proper definition, implementation, execution, and evaluation of test cases. The test cases are defined and implemented in a modeling environment. The execution and evaluation of test results is made in a real-time machine. The paper is concluded with results obtained from the initial deployment of the approach on a large scale in production stream projects.

The presentation describes a technical solution for 100 Mbit/s Ethernet Data transmission cabling. This solution considers the specific requirements of automotive wiring harness and manufacturing. It bases on standard automotive connectors and headers.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Development of in-cylinder spray targeting, plume penetration and atomization of the gasoline direct-injection (GDi) multi-hole injector is a critical component of combustion developments, especially in the context of the engine downsizing and turbo-charging trend that has been adopted in order to achieve the European target CO<sub>2</sub>, US CAFE, and concomitant stringent emissions standards. Significant R&D efforts are directed towards the optimization of injector nozzle designs in order to improve spray characteristics. Development of accurate predictive models is desired to understand the impact of nozzle design parameters as well as the underlying physical fluid dynamic mechanisms resulting in the injector spray characteristics.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This publication reports Large Eddy Simulation (LES) analyses of GDi single-hole skew-angled nozzles, with β=30° skew (bend) angle and different nozzle geometries. The objective is to extend previous works to include the effect of nozzle-hole length over diameter ratio (l/d) and fuel injection pressure on spray skew angle, spray plume cone angle and primary breakup length. The authors provide an LES analyses of a single hole nozzle representative of the a purpose-designed GDi multi-hole injector seat. The simulations are confirmed by comparison with the spray near-field breakup structure obtained through optical shadowgraphy and phase-contrast X-ray imaging techniques.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The jet morphology indicates turbulent structures and primary atomization in the immediate vicinity of the nozzle exit. Nozzle l/d reduction produced a notable increase of plume cone angle and spray trajectory deviation (from geometric nozzle axis). The analyses provide insight into the fluid flow within the nozzle generating the observed spray plume changes. Overall, the comparison of LES and spray imaging data shows good predictive model capability with respect to jet breakup morphology, plume trajectory and plume angle.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">As the emissions and fuel economy standards for internal combustion engines become ever more stringent, a variety of valvetrain control methods have been developed to improve engine performance. One of these is camshaft (CAM) phasing, which controls the angular position of the CAM relative to the crankshaft allowing changes to the timing of valve lift events. This method has demonstrated advantages including broadening the engine torque curve, increasing peak power at higher RPM, reducing hydrocarbon and NOx emissions, and improving fuel economy. In addition, external EGR systems can be eliminated because internal cylinder dilution control can be achieved by varying CAM timing.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Current implementations of CAM phasing use oil-pressure-based electro-mechanical systems. While these systems are relatively low cost and have proven to be robust, they have disadvantages at low oil temperatures and pressures (such as during cranking events). To overcome performance issues of oil based systems, Delphi has created a CAM phasing system using a brushless DC (BLDC) motor to drive the phasing mechanism. This approach provides full control independent of oil conditions and demonstrates increased phasing authority.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper will describe the electronics and algorithms required to control the three-phase BLDC motor which is part of the electric variable CAM phasing (eVCP) system. This controller takes desired CAM phase angle as an input, calculates the phase angle error, and closes the loop on the resultant motor current command. The electronics are packaged in a production-style case suitable for use in customer development applications.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">From a software perspective, this paper will discuss architecture considerations, including provisions for model-based rapid algorithm development and low-level motor control functions. Hardware component selection criteria and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design considerations will also be included. Finally, motor performance test data will be presented.</div></div>