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Theorists of law and of social policy distinguish between the efficacy and the impact of laws and legislation. Efficacy concerns the achievement of the effects intended by law-makers. Impact refers to the actual consequences. At times, the two diverge. Sometimes, it is only after a lengthy period that the impact is appreciated. The impact sometimes requires intervention by legislators or judges acting purposively in order to correct unforeseen or unfortunate consequences. The extent of judicial intervention is not always clear from the surviving records. This article argues that an awareness of the possibility of such occurrence is essential if legal history is to present the whole truth concerning legal developments.

It is today widely accepted that cyberspace is regulated by existing positive law. Following this view, the law on the use of force, jus contra bellum as well as jus in bello, applies to cyber operations. This assumption is the starting point of the book by Dr Marco Roscini, Reader in International Law at the University of Westminster School of Law (‘it should be clear that existing primary and secondary rules of international law, including the law of state responsibility, the jus ad bellum and the jus in bello , do apply to cyber operations’, p. 40). However it remains to be examined if existing rules are sufficient enough to grasp all the new challenges raised by activities in cyberspace. Should we develop new evolutive and dynamic interpretations of existing law, or do we need to go further by adopting new rules? If one wishes to contribute in a constructive way to this debate, it is first necessary to have a clear picture of the existing positive law that can regulate cyberspace. It is only after a careful analysis of the existing legal toolbox that it will be possible to identify any gaps or difficulties in the process of ‘adaptation’ of substantive law in cyberspace. The book by Marco Roscini is particularly helpful from this point of view. It offers a precise, detailed and up-to-date analysis of cyber operations and the use of force in international law. The book is structured around five chapters covering the full spectrum of the subject: Chapter 1—Identifying the Problem and the Applicable Law; Chapter 2—Cyber Operations and the jus ad bellum; Chapter 3—The Applicability of the jus in bello to Cyber Operations; Chapter 4—Cyber Operations and the Conduct of Hostilities and Chapter 5—Cyber Operations and the Law of Neutrality. Following a positivist approach and using a very rich and well-informed scientific apparatus (as also evident in the ‘Tables of Legislation, Cases and other Documents’ at the beginning of the book) the author presents his readers with a comprehensive analysis of both treaty law and customary law in statu nascendi because, according to the author, ‘it cannot be excluded that customary international law rules specific to cyber warfare might be in the process of forming and eventually ripen’ (at p. 25).

Hazel Bell considers the personality of indexers as it is popularly supposed to be and as it is ideally prescribed in texts, and presents some real-life examples.

The Applied Linguistics in Action series has provided researchers and practitioners with a number of valuable introductory texts, and I am pleased to see that Pearson Longman are now refreshing some of those titles. The question is whether the ten-year gap between Autonomy in Language Learning and the more succinctly titled Autonomy provides sufficient material to warrant a second edition. First, an overview of the structure of the book. There are four sections, each divided into further subsections. The opening section, ‘What is autonomy?’, attempts to answer that question by outlining the relatively brief history of autonomy in language education as well as the concept of autonomy in politics, psychology, and philosophy. In Section II, Benson looks at ‘Autonomy in practice’ and evaluates the effectiveness of common approaches—resource-based, technology-based, learner-based, classroom-based, curriculum-based, and teacher-based—for fostering autonomy. Section III examines research methods via a series of case studies, and the final section collects resources for further investigation.

Hazel Bell makes the case – a controversial one – that the indexing of books about human lives requires not just different, but more demanding skills than the indexing of hard scientific material.

The 13th Annual Conference of the United Kingdom Evaluation Society (UKES), ‘Great Expectations? Meeting the Changing Needs of Stakeholders in Evaluation’, was held in Leeds, England on 22-23 November 2007. This article is a brief report on the conference.

Journals provide much that is of immense value to the researcher and practitioner. Yet the economics of journals are unsustainable; the amount of publishable research is increasing more rapidly than the funds available to buy it. Various alternative models are emerging, none of them without problems. The way forward is not clear, but change is inevitable.

Learned PublishingVolume 7, Issue 3 p. 178-185 Seminars and meetingsFree Access Publishing in the new world: The Tenth International Learned Journals Seminar Sue Thorn, Sue Thorn 8 April 1994, London; ALPSP The Journal of Endocrinology Ltd.Search for more papers by this author Sue Thorn, Sue Thorn 8 April 1994, London; ALPSP The Journal of Endocrinology Ltd.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1994 https://doi.org/10.1002/leap/70041AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume7, Issue3July 1994Pages 178-185 RelatedInformation