Axiom (United States)

The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP; McComas et al. in Space Sci Rev 214:116, 2018a; McComas et al. in Space Sci Rev 221:100, 2025) is a NASA mission designed to study two of the most important issues in heliophysics: the interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium and the acceleration of energetic particles. These two puzzles are surprisingly intertwined because particle acceleration in the inner heliosphere plays a large role in the interactions at the edge of the heliosphere. The ten instruments on IMAP, situated near the Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange point, include both in situ and remote-sensing observations and are designed to work together to explore these questions. The High-energy Ion Telescope (HIT), described herein, measures in situ ions from hydrogen through nickel at energies ranging from a few MeV/nucleon to some tens of MeV/nucleon, depending upon species. While the primary focus of HIT is Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs), HIT is also sensitive to Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs) and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) that are also present at these energies. Working with the other IMAP instruments, HIT studies how the variation in SEP intensities, spectra, anisotropies, and composition inform the acceleration processes that generate these particles, and, in turn, how these high-energy particles affect the outer heliosphere. This paper details the design and operation of the HIT instrument.

• GFSv16 was run on a university computer to assess the impacts of dropsonde data on forecasts of atmospheric rivers (ARs). • Data denial experiment demonstrated an overall improvement in forecasting landfalling ARs on the U.S. West Coast. • A greater

Introduction: The current method for assigning high-risk deceased donor kidneys, reliant on manual efforts by organ procurement organizations, leads to delays and decreased organ quality. A new digital simulation tool aims to identify these kidneys faster, proposing improvements to the allocation process and enabling policy evaluation before implementation. Method: An interactive digital simulation tool functions as a research instrument for evaluating kidney allocation policies and their impact on the acceptance of deceased donor kidneys. Users can manipulate or modify policy parameters within the tool to observe how they affect the ultimate decision outcomes and policies. Artificial intelligence (AI) models have been incorporated to provide insights into the likelihood of organ utilization and to pinpoint transplant centers that are more inclined to accept and transplant kidneys at risk of going unused. Results: Figure 1 presents the initial graphical user interface encompassing the current framework of kidney allocation as viewed from the OPO perspective, involving agents, kidney information, ‘hard to place’ kidneys, and ‘accelerated placement’ transplant centers. This tool gauges overall policy performance of OPO efforts aimed at enhancing kidney utilization. The efficacy of the digital simulation tool is assessed through Key Performance Parameters related to kidney utilization, discard, and equity. Additional metrics considered include allocation duration, occurrences of out-of-sequence allocation, and the projected time from procurement to transplant.Conclusion: The digital simulation tool forecasts a heightened utilization of deceased donor kidneys when implementing early engagement in accelerated placement for out-of-sequence allocation, thereby endorsing modifications in high-risk kidney allocation policies. Future endeavors will encompass gradual enhancements to the simulation and AI models, especially for data-driven transplant centers that demonstrate a readiness to transplant high-risk kidneys. The work was supported by Mid America Transplant. We thank our colleagues and collaborators at Saint Louis University who have provided critical insight into the kidney transplant process, Krista Lentine, Mark Schnitzler, and Henry Randall.

Abstract We seek to determine whether a firm specific risk premium (FSRP) exists for private firms. We show that private equity investors price firm specific risk as part of establishing the expected rate of return hurdle rate. Our research is based on survey data constructed by the Private Capital Markets Project. We decompose the rate of return into its component parts-market risk premium, size premium, liquidity premium and firm specific risk premium (FSRP). We find that on average PE FSRP varies between zero and six percent. These findings indicate that the cost of capital buildup used in valuing private firms should include a premium for firm specific risk unless facts and circumstances suggest otherwise.

Transporting tissues and organs from the site of donation to the patient in need, while maintaining viability, is a limiting factor in transplantation medicine. One way in which the supply chain of organs for transplantation can be improved is to discover novel approaches and technologies that preserve the health of organs outside of the body. The dominant technologies that are currently in use in the supply chain for biological materials maintain tissue temperatures ranging from a controlled room temperature (+25 °C to +15 °C) to cryogenic (−120 °C to −196 °C) temperatures (reviewed in Criswell et al. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2022). However, there are many cells and tissues, as well as all major organs, that respond less robustly to preservation attempts, particularly when there is a need for transport over long distances that require more time. In this perspective article, we will highlight the current challenges and advances in biopreservation aimed at “freezing biological time,” and discuss the future directions and requirements needed in the field.

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