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The compositional ranges of SFCA-I and other SFCA series and the phase equilibrium relationships were investigated in the iron-rich corner of the CaO–Fe2O3–Al2O3 system at 1240°C in air using powder and single crystal XRD as well as EPMA. To obtain the desired composition, reagent-grade CaCO3, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 powders were weighed, mixed, and equilibrated at 1240°C in air. Each of the obtained samples was divided into two parts: one was pulverized into a powder and analyzed by XRD, and the other was subjected to microstructural observation and compositional analysis using EPMA. The crystalline structures of the SFCA series for some samples were analyzed by a single XRD. The results revealed that not only SFCA-I but also SFCA-II and SFCA have been found in the compositional area of this study; the Al/(Al+Ca+Fe) concentration ranges are 7.89–20.33 mol% for SFCA-I, 17.62–24.55 mol% for SFCA-II and 20.93–27.60 mol% or even higher for SFCA. The compositions of SFCA are on the line satisfying M14O20, while those of SFCA-I and SFCA-II deviate from the lines satisfying M20O28 and M17O24, respectively, and are closer to the line satisfying M14O20. Since the compositions were derived based on the assumption that all Fe irons are Fe3+, the apparent compositions of SFCA-I and SFCA-II deviate from M20O28 and M17O24, respectively, owing to the presence of trace amounts of Fe2+.

The increase of hydrogen usage in a blast furnace is expected to affect the reduction degradation of ferrous burden materials and influence the gas permeability inside the furnace. Previous studies show a disagreement on the effect of H2 on reduction degradation, with the extent of degradation depending on the H2 content and type of ferrous burden materials. In this study, the reduction degradation of sinter, lump, and pellet was compared using the reduction degradation test under different gas mixtures containing CO and H2, covering the gas composition of conventional and H2 injection blast furnaces. Lump (Newman Blend Lump NBLL) and pellets show a lower RDI-2.8 than sinter under all the gas compositions tested. Higher RDI-2.8 values were obtained for all burden materials with a reducing gas containing both CO and H2 compared to CO or H2 only. The addition of H2 to CO increases the pore diffusion rate allowing reducing gas to reach the centre part of the particles, leading to the reduction of hematite to magnetite and subsequent crack formation across the whole particles. Compared to the conventional blast furnace case, NBLL lump and sinter show a lower degradation for the H2 injection case while it was the opposite for the pellet, suggesting the necessity of reviewing overall burden materials to optimise the hydrogen injection in the blast furnace.

The Trion field in the western Gulf of Mexico (GoM) exhibits folded sediment beddings and strong attenuation bodies, which pose great challenges for seismic imaging. After a decade of processing effort employing the latest imaging technology, the available towed-streamer data for this area hit a technical limit. Improvements to velocity models and images were incremental, and it was determined that better data were needed to make a step change in image quality. To this end, an ocean bottom node (OBN) acquisition was carried out in late 2020 to record full- azimuth and long-offset seismic data with good low- frequency content. Time-lag FWI (TLFWI) using this OBN data was able to improve the tilted orthorhombic (T-ORT) velocity models, which led to better migrated images from least-squares (LS) Kirchhoff and reverse time migration (RTM). However, the reservoir image below the shallow absorption anomalies remained unsatisfactory. As an alternative imaging product, the FWI Image from TLFWI showed better structural continuity and more coherent amplitudes at the reservoir than LS-Kirchhoff or LSRTM.

The quality of seismic velocity has significantly improved through processes such as detailed anisotropic PSDM velocity analysis and full waveform inversion. As a result, it has been increasingly used as an interpretive tool for understanding the subsurface properties. In this article, we introduce a method to predict reservoir porosity from seismic velocity in clastic sedimentary basins consisting mainly of sand and shale sequences. It entails using velocity as a measure of compaction in a rock-physics study instead of commonly used depth of burial. We present the methodology and successful results from deep-water Trinidad and Tobago. Furthermore, we show that when using velocity, compaction trends from basin to basin in different parts of the world are much more similar than when using depth of burial. This provides a global trend that works in many clastic sedimentary basins and could be used to estimate porosity of reservoir sand from seismic velocity where a dedicated study is not available.

After many years of processing seismic streamer data acquired over the Shenzi field in deep-water Gulf of Mexico (GOM) with the best available technology, the workflows have remained highly interpretive, far from robust, often time-consuming, and ultimately proved inadequate for resolving the complexity of the salt and subsalt velocity models. Recent advances in full-waveform inversion (FWI) algorithms combined with a newly acquired, ocean bottom node (OBN) data set have ushered in a fundamental shift in velocity model building and imaging at Shenzi as we move away from mostly interpretation-driven to more data-driven processes. While the velocity model obtained from Time-lag FWI (TLFWI) using the legacy rich-azimuth (RAZ) streamer data provided significant imaging uplift over the best previous processing, an additional step-change improvement in image quality was achieved by running TLFWI with the OBN data. The OBN TLFWI model combined with the long offsets of the OBN data allowed steeply dipping events along the salt feeder to be seen for the first time on the reverse time migration (RTM) image. However, despite these large improvements, the image still suffers in areas of low illumination. Least-squares RTM (LSRTM) showed some good improvement over the RTM but proved less effective where the starting image was too poor. By running TLFWI to a maximum frequency comparable to the RTM, we were able to generate an FWI Image, an estimation of the reflectivity obtained directly from the FWI velocity model, with good S/N, more balanced amplitudes, and improved steep-dip and fault imaging, making it a direct rival to the RTM and LSRTM images.

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Abstract As part of studying miscible GI in Deep Water GoM, four key areas were identified that could pose risk or uncertainty to value delivery. These were: reservoir containment, injectivity, reservoir sweep and reservoir optimization. Top seal integrity, column capacity, fault seal risk and asphaltene formation risk were identified as key drivers underpinning containment risk. As pointed out by Abouie et al. (2018), deposited asphaltene on the rock causes wettability alteration. This, in turn, significantly changes the displacement dynamics in miscible gas floods by lowering the gas mobility, increasing the mixing length, and reducing the displacement and sweep efficiency. The industry has not conducted many experiments to quantify the impact of asphaltenes on reservoir and well performance under gas injection (GI) conditions. This paper discusses a novel laboratory testing for evaluating the asphaltene impact in a major oil field in GoM. The goals of the study were to: a) Define the Asphaltene Precipitation Envelope (APE) using blends of reservoir fluid and injection gas, and b) Measure permeability reduction due to asphaltene precipitation in a core under gas injection. To properly analyze GI impact, a full suite of fluid characterization were conducted including restoring oil samples, compositional analysis, constant composition expansion and differential vaporization. The miscibility conditions were defined through slim tube displacement tests. Then, gas solubility-swelling tests were conducted. This was followed by Asphaltene Onset Pressure (AOP) testing. The permeability impairment experiments were carried out in a long core. A unique procedure was developed to estimate the impact of asphaltene deposition on core permeability. Using a fully saturated core with the live oil and injection gas mixture, several depletion tests were repeated starting from a pressure above the AOP (9000 psi) down to a pressure just above the bubble point followed by reloading the core with the same mixture at 9000 psi. These tests were meant to mimic continuous flow of oil along the path of injected gas and thereby observe the accumulation of asphaltene on the rock surface. The test results indicated that during this cyclic asphaltene deposition process, the core permeability to the live mixture decreased in the first few cycles but appeared to stabilize after cycle 5. The deposited asphaltenes were analyzed further through Environmental Scanning Electron Miscroscopy (ESEM), and their deposition was confirmed by mass balance before and after the tests. Finally, a relationship was established between permeability reduction and asphaltene precipitation. The results from the asphaltene deposition experiment show that for the sample, fluids, and conditions used, permeability is impaired as asphaltene flocculates and begins to coat the grain surfaces. This impairment reaches a plateau and subsequent permeability measurements indicate that stability is being established at approximately 40 percent of the initial permeability. Distribution of asphaltene along the core was measured at the end by segmenting the core and conducting solvent extraction. A novel systematic approach was developed for characterizing the permeability impairment due to asphaltene deposition during a gas injection EOR process. Numerical modeling of these test results and using this model to forecast the magnitude of the permeability impairment to be expected in a reservoir setting during miscible gas injection is our recommendation.

In equine and racing practice, detomidine and butorphanol are commonly used in combination for their sedative properties. The aim of the study was to produce detection times to better inform European veterinary surgeons, so that both drugs can be used appropriately under regulatory rules. Three independent groups of 7, 8 and 6 horses, respectively, were given either a single intravenous administration of butorphanol (100µg/kg), a single intravenous administration of detomidine (10µg/kg) or a combination of both at 25 (butorphanol) and 10 (detomidine) µg/kg. Plasma and urine concentrations of butorphanol, detomidine and 3-hydroxydetomidine at predetermined time points were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The intravenous pharmacokinetics of butorphanol dosed individually compared with co-administration with detomidine had approximately a twofold larger clearance (646±137 vs. 380±86mlhr-1 kg-1 ) but similar terminal half-life (5.21±1.56 vs. 5.43±0.44hr). Pseudo-steady-state urine to plasma butorphanol concentration ratios were 730 and 560, respectively. The intravenous pharmacokinetics of detomidine dosed as a single administration compared with co-administration with butorphanol had similar clearance (3,278±1,412 vs. 2,519±630mlhr-1 kg-1 ) but a slightly shorter terminal half-life (0.57±0.06 vs. 0.70±0.11hr). Pseudo-steady-state urine to plasma detomidine concentration ratios are 4 and 8, respectively. The 3-hydroxy metabolite of detomidine was detected for at least 35hr in urine from both the single and co-administrations. Detection times of 72 and 48hr are recommended for the control of butorphanol and detomidine, respectively, in horseracing and equestrian competitions.

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2019Designing an exploration scale OBN: Acquisition design for subsalt imaging and velocity determinationAuthors: Joakim BlanchJon JarvisChris HurrenYan LiuLingli HuJoakim BlanchBHP, Jon JarvisBHP, Chris HurrenBHP, Yan LiuCGG, and Lingli HuCGGhttps://doi.org/10.1190/segam2019-3216451.1 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AbstractDirect wave arrivals are the most robust signals to determine velocity and consequently they have been used for almost a century in hydrocarbon exploration. The reason is simple as the arrival time is explicitly available. In order to acquire these direct arrivals in a seismic experimental setting it is necessary that these waves turns back to the surface after having been sent into the Earth. As is well known it is possible to turn waves back up if they encounter faster propagation velocities than have been previously experienced. Using these simple concepts we show how it is possible to design a seismic acquisition to measure subsalt velocities when the salt cover is very thick and potentially not homogeneous. Until now (in marine seismic surveying) the physical limitations of the Earth have meant that use of direct wave arrivals have been restricted to relatively shallow depths of investigation, linked to streamer length. In this paper we describe how a new and novel application of node technology has been combined with a well established physical phenomena to support the acquisition of a world first exploration-scale Ocean Bottom Node (OBN) survey.Presentation Date: Wednesday, September 18, 2019Session Start Time: 1:50 PMPresentation Time: 4:45 PMLocation: 221APresentation Type: OralKeywords: ocean-bottom node, survey design, basement, full-waveform inversion, refractionPermalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2019-3216451.1FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byDiscussion: Reply to the discussionDavid J. Monk1 June 2022 | The Leading Edge, Vol. 41, No. 6The Wolfspar experience with low-frequency seismic source field data: Motivation, processing, and implicationsAndrew Brenders, Joe Dellinger, Imtiaz Ahmed, Esteban Díaz, Mariana Gherasim, Hu Jin, Madhav Vyas, and John Naranjo4 January 2022 | The Leading Edge, Vol. 41, No. 1Exploring the full potential of a sparse nodes survey in the western Gulf of MexicoFeng Lin, Dorothy Ren, Jiawei Mei, Zhiguang Xue, Joakim Blanch, Marcus Cahoj, Jon Jarvis, and Alex Kostin1 September 2021GO_3D_OBS: the multi-parameter benchmark geomodel for seismic imaging method assessment and next-generation 3D survey design (version 1.0)31 March 2021 | Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 14, No. 3Improving Mississippi Canyon images with ocean bottom node data: Challenges and surprisesYuan Yao, Hui Zhang, Lingli Hu, and Chao Peng30 September 2020Wide-azimuth towed-streamer and large-scale OBN acquisition: A combined solutionNicolae Moldoveanu, Nikolas Nesladek, and Denes Vigh30 September 2020From slope tomography to FWI: Is the conventional workflow viable in complex settings?S. Sambolian, S. Operto, A. Ribodetti, and L. Combe25 September 2020 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2019ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 2019 Pages: 5407 publication data© 2019 Published in electronic format with permission by the Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 10 Aug 2019 CITATION INFORMATION Joakim Blanch, Jon Jarvis, Chris Hurren, Yan Liu, and Lingli Hu, (2019), "Designing an exploration scale OBN: Acquisition design for subsalt imaging and velocity determination," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 192-196. https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2019-3216451.1 Plain-Language Summary Keywordsocean-bottom nodesurvey designbasementfull-waveform inversionrefractionPDF DownloadLoading ...

Many different approaches have been used in the past to characterise iron ore sinter mineralogy to predict sinter quality and elucidate the impacts of iron ore characteristics and process variables on the mechanisms of sintering. This paper compares the mineralogy of three sinter samples with binary basicities (mass ratio of CaO/SiO2) between 1.7 and 2.0. The measurement techniques used were optical image analysis and point counting (PC), quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) and two different scanning electron microscopy systems, namely, Quantitative Evaluation of Materials by Scanning Electron Microscopy (QEMSCAN) and TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA). Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages depending on the objectives of the measurement, with the quantification of crystalline phases, textural relationships between minerals and chemical compositions of the phases covered by the combined results. Some key differences were found between QXRD and the microscopy techniques. QXRD results imply that not all of the silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminium (SFCA types) are being identified on the basis of morphology in the microscopy results. The amorphous concentration determined by QXRD was higher than the glass content identified in the microscopy results, whereas the magnetite and total SFCA concentration was lower. The scanning electron microscopy techniques were able to provide chemical analysis of the phases; however, exact correspondence with textural types was not always possible and future work is required in this area, particularly for differentiation of SFCA and SFCA-I phases. The results from the various techniques are compared and the relationships between the measurement results are discussed.