BP (United Kingdom)

Abstract ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 is the global standard for metallic materials suitability for H2S-containing (sour) oil and gas production environments. The current 2021/2020 edition has remained structurally the same as the original 2003 edition, with only incremental revisions over the last two decades. The committees governing the standard agreed in 2018 that a major rewrite was necessary to fully address ease of use and new industry advancements and established norms. After several years of development in IOGP, a rewritten version is in the process of balloting and publication through the ISO process. This draft standard has been completely restructured into three new parts where part one pertains to material and material processing requirements, part two is on service environment assessment and material selection and part 3 is on verification, qualification and balloting requirements. This paper remarks on the drivers for change and details on how the three parts will work together to provide metallic materials for H2S containing service. The significant proposed changes from the previous ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 revision are highlighted and examples are provided using parts 1 and 2 for typical applications of the draft standard. It is believed that this advance exposure to the new document structure will assist in transitioning to the next edition of ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156.

Abstract In heterogeneous catalysis, metal oxides are an important group of materials used to support nanoparticle catalysts. These metal oxides, however, are not completely inert and interact with the (transition‐) metal nanoparticle, potentially influencing the overall catalytic properties of the catalyst. This study investigates the influence of the metal oxide support on the catalytic properties of cobalt‐based CO 2 hydrogenation catalysts. A series of cobalt nanoparticles supported on Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CeO 2 , ZrO 2 , and TiO 2 was synthesized using a standardized surface organometallic chemistry approach to provide comparability and characterized by standard microscopy and spectroscopic methods. Catalytic evaluation in CO 2 hydrogenation identifies SiO 2 as a unique support in promoting reverse water–gas shift reactivity in cobalt, while other supports yielded methanation reactivity as commonly observed for cobalt‐based CO 2 hydrogenation. Notably, doping supports with Si, here Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 , is enough to shift the reactivity of Co toward RWGS, paralleling what is observed when Co is supported on SiO 2 .

Biofeedstocks derived from living organisms or their byproducts have recently emerged as an environmentally benign complement to petroleum, diversifying energy production in the petroleum industry from sole dependence on crude oil while utilizing mostly existing petroleum infrastructure. However, biofeedstocks also bring challenges as they can cause distinct and potentially more severe corrosion in metal-based petroleum infrastructure than crude oils due to their higher molecular oxygen content and the presence of various organic acids. To effectively manage such corrosion, it is crucial to understand the corrosion mechanism, particularly the onset of local corrosion, as well as its relationship with the metallic microstructure. Here, using pentanoic acid─a typical degradation product and representative corrosion contributor from biofeedstocks─as the corrosive medium, we capture the real-time initiation and progression in corrosion of carbon steel lamella, which is a model petroleum infrastructure, at nanometer resolution. We correlate in situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy imaging of the corrosion process with ex situ characterization of grain size, orientation, and elemental distribution. Through this correlative, multimodal characterization, we identify the key microstructural features that significantly influence corrosion behavior: galvanic corrosion initiates corrosion, strain accelerates corrosion, and lattice orientation guides corrosion propagation. Contrary to aqueous corrosion, corrosion in pentanoic acid is not heavily influenced by the grain boundaries, with similar rates observed in coarse- and fine-grain lamellae. Our observations highlight the importance of intrinsic structural features of carbon steel and their impact on corrosion in biofeedstock-based organic acids, providing insights for potential corrosion mitigation.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis work concurrently in a chemical process

The purpose of this community service activity is to enhance the capacity of organizations in submitting effective funding proposals, strengthen their competitiveness in a tight competition, and improve the quality of the programs implemented. Many cultural organizations, especially those on a small scale, often lack sufficient experience or knowledge in crafting attractive and persuasive proposals. Through mentoring, Sanggar Ngudi Roso can learn to prepare realistic and transparent budgets, as well as understand how to link cultural programs with social responsibility values, build networks and collaborations, create opportunities, and formulate effective monitoring and evaluation strategies. With ongoing support, cultural organizations can continue to improve their ability to manage programs and submit proposals in the future, thereby contributing to the preservation and development of local culture.

Abstract Hydrocarbon‐based lubricants are ubiquitous in industrial applications but typically consist of complex mixtures of branched molecules that are challenging to characterize and to relate to their macroscopic properties. Consequently, lubricants are typically optimized empirically for specific applications by blending base oils with organic or inorganic additives. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of molecularly defined lubricants via metathesis of branched terminal olefins, followed by hydrogenation. The resulting saturated hydrocarbons are characterized by ultrahigh‐field (28.2 T) 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies to establish their molecular structures and resolve different stereoisomers, showing the utility of state‐of‐the‐art spectroscopic tools for analyzing structures of branched alkanes. Furthermore, the molecular‐level diffusion and bulk viscosity properties compare favorably to classical synthetic lubricants based on hydrogenated polyalphaolefin (PAO) blends, establishing olefin metathesis as a selective and scalable route to high‐performance lubricant oils with defined molecular structures.

Multicomponent, two-phase flow in porous media is a problem of practical relevance that remains difficult to study experimentally. Advanced methodologies are needed that enable the monitoring of both the saturation of each fluid phase within the pore space and the concentration of the chemical species within the fluids. We present an approach based on multimodality imaging and apply it to the case study of surfactant/polymer flooding in a sandstone for enhanced oil recovery. X-ray computed tomography and positron emission tomography (PET) are applied for the asynchronous acquisition of dynamic profiles of saturations (aqueous and oleic) and of the solute concentration within the surfactant/polymer slug, respectively. This complementary dataset enables precise investigation of the evolution of both the oil bank and the induced mixing at its rear arising from the surfactant/polymer flooding process. The dilution index, intensity of segregation and the spreading length are used to quantify the degree of mixing within the surfactant/polymer slug as a function of time from the spatial structure of the solute concentration field. Relative to the single-phase flow scenario, a threefold increase in dispersivity is observed. We demonstrate that mixing is systematically overestimated if only the PET dataset is used—highlighting the importance of implementing multimodality imaging. We also show that the advection–dispersion equation model, parameterised using the dispersivity derived from the experiments, provides reasonable estimates for the rate of both mixing and spreading.

The integration of ergonomic principles is crucial in physiotherapy practice to mitigate the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) and enhance practitioner well- being. This descriptive cross-sectional study, aimed to assess the adoption of ergonomic modications among 70 physiotherapists. Through simple purposive sampling, participants completed a validated self-based questionnaire, with responses analyzed to understand trends in ergonomic practices. Results unveiled varying levels of adoption for ergonomic modications, with higher utilization observed for posture-related changes compared to those addressing mechanical stress, workplace injury prevention, and work design/equipment. Factors hindering adaptation included time constraints, lack of awareness, nancial limitations, and resistance to change. To promote a safer workplace, employers should prioritize ergonomic education and strategies, empowering physiotherapists to optimize their environment, reduce the risk of WRMDs, and ensure sustainable patient care.

As part of its move towards net zero, the chemical industry, over time, will transition away from fossil-based chemical feedstocks towards more sustainable, ‘green’ carbon—biomass, recycled waste and captured carbon dioxide. One gateway to transforming these feedstocks into the vital chemicals and fuels society relies on is via synthesis gas or ‘syngas’—a gaseous mixture of chemical building blocks (H 2 , CO and CO 2 ). While today the majority of syngas is produced via steam reforming of natural gas, commercially available technologies are enabling syngas production and transformation from sustainable feedstocks. The optimization of sustainable syngas technologies would not be possible without the integrated development of both catalyst and process technology and the associated skills in chemistry and chemical engineering. This paper covers three example technologies that are unlocking the role of syngas as a gateway to sustainable fuels and chemicals and highlights the innovative developments in catalyst and process design that have enabled their optimization and commercialization. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Green carbon for the chemical industry of the future’.

Abstract Accurate and transparent reporting of methane emissions is vital for targeted and defensible methane reductions in the energy sector. This is recognised in the United Nations’ new reporting framework (OGMP2.0) where measurement-based reporting of methane emissions that is accompanied with a statement of reconciliation constitutes the highest level of conformance (‘level 5’). A fully traceable top-down measurement system suitable for onshore and offshore deployment was developed to conform with OGMP2.0 level 5 expectations. Site-level methane emissions are measured by means of a drone-mounted methane sensor flown downwind of oil and gas production facilities. The sensor was deployed on quadcopter and fixed-wing drones with comparable results. Atmospheric methane concentrations were converted into an emission rate through mass balance calculations, considering meteorological parameters. Results from 11 offshore surveys acquired between 2021 and 2023 showed generally low emissions of less than 40 kg/h, with two outliers measured at 106 ± 31 kg/h and 347 ± 97 kg/h respectively. Emissions followed a ‘fat-tail’ distribution with 27% of sites accounting for 87% of the total methane emissions in the sample, highlighting the value of top-down measurement in identifying abatement opportunities. Two-thirds of sites measured in 2023 were successfully reconciled to OGMP2.0 level 5. The analysis emphasized the importance of high-quality source-level data for successful reconciliation and sites where such data is available should be prioritized when scheduling top-down measurements. A successful top-down strategy should follow a process of continuous improvement that considers emissions materiality, range of emission rates under normal operating conditions, demonstrable quality of bottom-up inventories, and the option to group sites into representative populations. Standardisation and industry collaboration is needed to ensure consistency in the methodology of both the top-down measurement and reconciliation, including application of uncertainty, which is key for transparent, traceable, and credible reporting of methane emissions from oil and gas facilities.