Baba Farid University of Health Sciences

Probiotics are well recognized for their ability to modulate host immune responses; however, growing evidence indicates that many of their beneficial effects are mediated by structural components rather than by viable microorganisms. Among these components, probiotic-derived peptidoglycan has emerged as a key immunologically active molecule with a critical role in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. Although substantial experimental data exist regarding its underlying mechanisms, the context-dependent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions of peptidoglycan have not been comprehensively integrated. In this review, we provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern the immunoregulatory properties of probiotic-derived peptidoglycan. We first discuss the structural diversity and processing of peptidoglycan and their implications for host recognition via pattern-recognition receptors, particularly Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins 1 and 2 (NOD1/2). We then critically evaluate current evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of probiotic-derived peptidoglycan in infectious diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), autoimmune disorders, allergic inflammation, and cancer. Collectively, these findings suggest that peptidoglycan holds considerable promise for the development of next-generation microbiota-based immunotherapeutic strategies.

Objectives:To assess and evaluate various jaw pathologies their nature, location, size, extent and effect on surrounding structures by CT.Methods:In total, 29 subjects of jaw pathologies and traumatic injuries of maxillofacial complex were subjected to CT.Results:showed characteristic and distinct features for various pathologies. Fisher exact test was applied to compare consistency of features like matrix, margins, density, and number.Conclusion:CT plays a crucial role in depicting the exact extensions of pathologies and its relation to adjacent anatomical structures in all possible directions.

Background: Marital dissatisfaction is prevailing in the family and is negatively affecting the couples as well as the society. Women are more vulnerable to develop depression when they are martially dissatisfied. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted into the outpatient department (OPD) of psychiatry, Bangladesh Medical University (BMU), Dhaka from July’18 to December’18 to identify the proportion of marital dissatisfaction among married depressed women and to determine the association of socio demographic variables with marital dissatisfaction. Total 150 adult ( 18 years or more ) married depressed women were taken for this study. Results: In this study, 74% married depressed women were dissatisfied in their marital life, the age group 20-30 years having the highest dissatisfaction rate (52.25%), education has a significant and positive association with satisfaction, house wives were mostly dissatisfied (88.29%), marital duration had the strongest association with marital quality. Dissatisfaction rate was higher in settle than affair marriage, the respondents in nuclear family having the higher dissatisfaction rate than those in extended and joined family, women who had problem solving skill experiences more satisfaction than those who were not capable of problem solving. Conclusion: This can be concluded that the marital dissatisfaction is common among married depressed women. Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2026;21(1):38-44

Background: Sleep plays a critical role in physical health, mental well-being and academic performance, especially among young adults. Physical activity is known to influence sleep outcomes, but the nature of this relationship in medical students remains underexplored. Therefore this study aimed to assess the relationship between physical activity levels, sleep quality and sleep hygiene among physiotherapy students. .Material and Methods: The study was observational in nature involved 73 physiotherapy students aged 18–27 years from University College of physiotherapy were included in the study as per selection criteria. After obtaining informed consent, the students were categorized into Physically Inactive (n=20), Minimally active (n=28) and Very Active (n=25) based on their physical activity levels by using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Then the students were assessed for Sleep quality by using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Sleep Hygiene by Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) scores among the Inactive, Minimally Active and Very Active groups (p < 0.001). Post-hoc analysis using the Tukey HSD method indicated that the Very Active Group had significantly better PSQI and SHI scores compared to the Inactive Group, while the difference between minimally and Very Active groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study concluded that physically active students had significantly better sleep quality and sleep hygiene compared to those who did not engage in physical activity. Promoting an active lifestyle may serve as an effective strategy to enhance sleep and overall well-being among student populations.

Aim: This research compared and evaluated the setting time of four different biomaterials Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) Angelus, Biodentine, EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ERRM), and Bio-C Repair used for root-end filling in the presence of blood contamination. Methods: One hundred and sixty freshly extracted human teeth with single roots were selected for this research and root canal treatment was carried out on each tooth, followed by a root-end resection and preparation of a root-end cavity. The teeth were then randomly assigned to one of four groups, based on the biomaterial to be tested. The root end cavity was filled with biomaterial and the teeth were placed in an experimental setup with more than half of the roots submerged in blood. The setting time was estimated using the Vicat needle apparatus, which was used to measure and record the penetration depth of the needle at specific time intervals, starting from the initial setting time specified by the manufacturer for each material. Measurements were taken at 5-min intervals for each sample. The data collected were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance. Results: The findings showed that MTA had the shortest setting time between 10 and 15 min when blood contamination was present, followed by ERRM 25–30 min. Bio-C Repair and Biodentine took notably longer to set which is more than 45 min and 27 min, respectively. Conclusion: It is essential to choose biomaterials with the shortest setting time when dealing with blood contamination.