Badakhshan University

چکیده شاخصه اهلیت در فقه اسلامی, به معنای شایستگی انسان برای واجب شدن حقوق قانونی­که، بر ذمه او می­باشد. عوارض اکتسابی حالات عادی انسان را که همانا هوشیاری، آگاهی و آزادی است، به چالش می­کشد. بدین­سبب، همواره این سوالات مطرح می­شود که این عوارض، در اهلیت انسان مسلمان، چه تأثیری دارند؟ نویسنده در این مقاله به هدف یافتن پاسخ به چنین سوالات، به بررسی نظریات فقهای مذاهب، به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی پرداخته و دریافته است که: عوارض اکتسابی 6نوع است. مانند جهل، سکر ، هزل وغیره که آثار متفاوتی دارند. طور مثال: هزل, در مسایل إخباری، إعتقادی و إنشایی واقع می­شود که نزد فقهاء دارای آثار متفاوتی است. سَفَه, هیچ نوع اهلیت را نفی نمی­کند. اما در تصرفات مالی موثر است. سفر, نیز هیچ نوع اهلیت را نفی نمی­سازد, عبادات باشد یا غیر آن, بلکه سبب تخفیف می­گردد. خطای که در مقابل عمد است, چه در حقوق الله باشد یا حقوق العباد, کدام اهلیتی را نفی نمی­کند, بلکه عذر است. از نظر اهل سنت برخلاف معتزله, از دید عقلی به سبب خطاء, مواخذه جایز است. پس در سقوط حق الله مانند حدود و... عذر بوده و در حقوق العباد، عذر نیست. اکراه در ذات خود منافی هیچ نوع اهلیت نیست، اما در برخی احکام تأثیر می­گذارد. کلیدواژه ­ها: اکراه، احکام شرعی، اهلیت، خطاء، سَفَه، سُکر، عوارض اکتسابی.

رابطه‌ی هایدروجنی از جمله روابط ضعیف در بین مالیکول‌ها است که بعد از روابط کوولانسی مورد توجه کیمیادان‌ها می‌باشد. زمانی‌که یک اتوم هایدروجن به یک اتوم الکترونگاتیف قوی مانند فلورین، اکسیجن و نایتروجن متصل می‌گردد، به سمت اتوم الکترونگاتیف کشیده می‌شود، این پروسه به‌نام رابطه‌ی‌ هایدروجنی شناخته می‌شود. رابطه‌ی‌ی هایدروجنی برای ساختار و عملکرد سیستم های بیولوژیکی ( دی ان ای، پروتین و ...) و اکثر پروسه‌های کیمیاوی نیاز است. این تحقیق به شناخت دقیق از رابطه‌ی‌ هایدروجنی در بین مالیکول‌های آب، امونیا و هایدروجن فلوراید می پردازد و هدف آن بررسی قدرت رابطه‌ی هایدروجنی در بین مالیکول‌های مذکور است. این تحقیق از نوع محاسباتی بوده و برای محاسبه تمام اطلاعات از نرم افزار کوانتومی اورکا استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که انرژی رابطه‌ی هایدروجنی در مالیکول هایدروجن فلوراید برابر11/38 کیلوژول بر مول بوده و نسبت به انرژی رابطه‌ی هایدروجنی در بین مالیکول‌های آب و امونیا بیشتر است و این به سبب اتوم الکترونیگاتیف قوی در مالیکول هایدروجن فلوراید است که رابطه‌ی هایدروجنی قوی نسبت به مالیکول آب و امونیا تشکیل می‌دهد.

Abstract English has been taught over decades in different countries as L1, L2 and Foreign language. In Afghanistan, it has been taught as a foreign language over the past years at universities and schools with different methods. The application of grammar translation method was the new subject in Afghanistan. In English Department, the instructors applied direct method, communicative language teaching and other methods, but grammar translation method was applied in the first and second classes. In junior and senior classes, in most cases, the teachers applied direct method because the learners had the knowledge of English language to get the information in the class in the best way. This research was based on quantitative and the data were collected via questionnaire. The findings showed that the instructors used grammar translation method in the fresh and sophomore classes. For the learners who came from the rural areas had difficulties in understanding the written and spoken English in the classes. In the junior and senior classes, instructors used direct method because the learners had the knowledge of English language. Finally, the empirical research concluded the application of grammar translation method used more the in the first and second classes of English Department. Key words: grammar translation method, performance, application, teaching and learning.

Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a critical role in combating infectious diseases by enabling early detection, outbreak prediction, and real-time surveillance. This study explores how AI improves prediction accuracy, responsiveness, and overall public health outcomes. Method: A systematic review of literature from 2019 to 2025 was conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. Selected studies focused on machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks applied to infectious disease management, particularly in predicting outbreaks and guiding real-time responses. Results: A total of 30 peer-reviewed studies were reviewed. The findings indicate that AI models significantly enhance the early detection and forecasting of infectious diseases, including COVID-19, malaria, and Ebola. Compared to traditional methods, AI demonstrated greater predictive accuracy and faster response capabilities. Real-time AI-powered surveillance also supported better resource allocation and outbreak management. The effectiveness of these models varied based on disease type, data quality, and local health infrastructure. Conclusion: AI has proven effective in enhancing infectious disease control through improved prediction, faster response, and better-informed decision-making. These findings underscore the importance of integrating AI tools into public health infrastructure while addressing persistent challenges such as data standardization, ethical concerns, and technological access disparities.

The research studies about the development and characterization of a rice husk ash (RHA)-reinforced polysulfide oligomer/epoxy resin (PSO/EP) composite for use in automotive applications. To improve mechanical and chemical properties, RHA is a silica-rich agricultural byproduct which was incorporated at different loadings (0.5,1, 2 wt%). The composite was prepared using a modified thiokol method for PSO and with universal EDP-2 epoxy resin which was supplied by Altai Prom Polymer. Many characterizations have been done. Crosslinking between the thiol groups of PSO and epoxy resin was confirmed by FTIR analysis, while XRD showed a hybrid structure that was primarily amorphous polymer networks and crystalline silica from RHA. SEM showed a consistent RHA distribution with strong adhesion between the filler and matrix. Mechanical testing demonstrated optimal performance at 1 wt% RHA, providing a tensile strength increase of 5% and a flexural strength increase of 49% compared to unfilled epoxy, due to RHA’s ability to transfer stress. Increased RHA loadings (2 wt%) caused agglomeration and reduced strength. The composite demonstrated good thermal stability, resistance to automotive fluids, and low VOC emissions. Windshield adhesives (with a shear strength enhancement), underbody coatings (which offer corrosion resistance through RHA’s SiO₂ barrier), and engine gaskets (with a compression set of less than 10%) are all potential automotive applications. RHA is underscored in the research as a sustainable, inexpensive filler that reconciles flexibility (PSO) and rigidity (EP), providing a practical substitute for synthetic fillers in lightweight automotive parts.

Background: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a pivotal role in the realm of law enforcement and human rights. In recent decades, their influence has expanded significantly, especially in areas where government action is either insufficient or absent. NGOs often bridge gaps in legal and human rights protection by advocating for vulnerable populations, monitoring abuses, and holding governments accountable. Their contributions in law enforcement vary, from providing legal assistance to victims of human rights violations to actively participating in the policy-making process. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the role of NGOs in law enforcement and human rights, with a particular focus on their contributions to legal reforms, advocacy for victims, and international collaborations. The research explores how NGOs influence law enforcement mechanisms and contribute to the advancement of human rights protections across different regions. Method: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing case studies, interviews with NGO leaders, legal experts, and human rights advocates, and document analysis of reports and legal frameworks where NGOs have had significant influence. Results: The study found that NGOs significantly impact human rights law enforcement, especially in regions with weak legal frameworks. They provide essential resources for victims, influence policy changes, and sometimes fill gaps left by state institutions. However, challenges such as limited funding and political resistance affect their effectiveness. Conclusion: NGOs are indispensable in promoting human rights and enforcing laws in under-served regions. Their role should be enhanced through stronger partnerships with governments and international organizations.

Purpose – This study aims to develop a pop-up book as an educational medium to introduce sexual education concepts appropriately to children aged 5–6 years, in order to support their understanding of body awareness, personal boundaries, and safe behavior from an early age. Design/methods/approach – This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach utilizing the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) proposed by Thiagarajan, et al., though the study was limited to the development phase. Primary data were collected through expert validation and practitioner feedback using structured validity and practicality instruments. The validity instrument assessed three domains: graphic design feasibility, content relevance, and media suitability. The practicality instrument evaluated media usability from the perspectives of content clarity and instructional effectiveness. Findings – The developed pop-up book media obtained a validity score of 76.33%, indicating a valid category, and a practicality score of 81.33%, indicating a highly practical category. These results confirm that the media is both pedagogically sound and feasible for implementation in early childhood learning contexts, particularly for delivering sensitive topics such as sexual education in a developmentally appropriate and engaging manner. Research implications/Limitations – This study is limited to the development phase; thus, future research is recommended to explore the effectiveness of the pop-up book in improving children's knowledge, attitudes, and protective behaviors related to sexual education through experimental or longitudinal studies. Originality/value – This study presents an innovative, developmentally appropriate approach to introducing sexual education through pop-up book media, offering a practical solution for early childhood educators to address sensitive topics in an engaging and culturally respectful manner.

In Islamic jurisprudence, coercion (ikrah) refers to the act of threatening or forcing someone to perform an action, say something, abstain from doing something, or refrain from making a statement. Coercion is considered one of the acquired impairments of legal capacity and one of the most significant defects in consent and intention in transactions, particularly in the contract of sale. The contract of sale is one of the most frequent and essential social and economic transactions upon which individual and societal life depends. The principle is that a sale transaction should be conducted between the parties according to the appropriate legal and religious conditions and regulations, ensuring its validity and the fulfillment of their needs in the best possible manner. However, contrary to this ideal, such transactions are sometimes carried out by ignorant or oppressive individuals in society, leading to a loss of consent and a corruption of free will. Consequently, there is a need to conduct research on the religious rulings of coerced transactions—particularly in the case of sales—aimed at raising public awareness of the detrimental religious and social impacts of these transactions. This research seeks to contribute to the reduction of such challenges and to encourage members of society to engage in healthy financial and social relations. Although the esteemed jurists of Islamic schools of thought have extensively discussed the religious rulings related to contracts and other issues in their legal texts, the specific issue of "the consequences of coercion in the contract of sale" has not, to the author's knowledge, been studied in a comparative manner across Islamic schools of thought. Thus, this research, recognizing this scholarly and jurisprudential gap, seeks to answer the question: "What are the consequences of unlawful coercion in the contract of sale from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence?" Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and a library-based, comparative approach, the study concludes that all schools of Islamic jurisprudence agree that unlawful coercion is impermissible and invalid. One specific manifestation of unlawful coercion in Islamic jurisprudence is the "coerced sale" (bay' mukrah), on which Islamic jurists are divided into two camps regarding its effects. One group, advocating nullification, includes jurists from the Shafi'i, Hanbali, and some Maliki schools, as well as a few Imami jurists. In contrast, a large group of jurists from the Hanafi, prominent Maliki, and renowned Imami schools argue that coerced sales are voidable but not inherently invalid. They believe that the coerced party (mukrah) has the right to either confirm or rescind the sale, and their subsequent consent can validate the sale retroactively. The Hanafis, however, differentiate between contracts that are irrevocable, such as marriage, where coercion is ineffective, and revocable contracts, such as sales, where coercion is deemed effective. The remaining jurists from the four schools of thought, without distinguishing between revocable and irrevocable contracts, consider the effect of coercion to be equal across all types of contracts.

This research explores the historical and contemporary role of U.S. intervention in the Middle East, with a particular focus on oil interests, political strategies, and regional stability. The study examines key agreements like the "fifty-fifty" profit-sharing deal in Saudi Arabia and the broader implications of U.S. involvement in Gulf politics. The strategic importance of oil to U.S. national security is a central theme, illustrating how energy concerns have shaped U.S. foreign policy in the region. A significant portion of the research delves into the tension between promoting democracy and securing U.S. strategic interests, highlighting the challenges faced in balancing these often conflicting goals. Methodologically, the research utilizes both quantitative and qualitative approaches, drawing on historical documents, diplomatic records, and contemporary analyses. The findings suggest that while the U.S. has made efforts to foster democratic reforms in the region, its interventions—such as the Iraq invasion—have often resulted in instability, sectarian violence, and the resurgence of authoritarian regimes. The research argues that the U.S. has maintained a strong presence in the Middle East primarily to safeguard its economic and security interests, understanding that the region is vital to both its energy supply and broader geopolitical strategy. The conclusion underscores that U.S. involvement in the Middle East will likely continue in the future, driven by the desire to secure energy resources, maintain regional influence, and counter rivals like Iran, China, and Russia. The research suggests that while U.S. efforts to promote democracy have been largely unsuccessful, its strategic interests will remain dominant in shaping its regional policies.

The Visual Search Interactive Model for Artificial Intelligence (AI) is designed to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of visual data analysis across various applications. By leveraging advanced computer vision techniques and machine learning algorithms, this model enables AI systems to interpret and analyze visual information in real-time, facilitating tasks such as object recognition, image classification, and scene understanding. The interactive nature of the model allows users to engage with the AI, refining searches and improving outcomes through iterative feedback. This paper introduces the Auxiliary Clustering k-means Machine Learning (AC k-means ML) model, designed to enhance agricultural efficiency through advanced data analysis and robotic integration. The study evaluates the performance of the AC k-means ML model using a dataset comprising 1,950 samples, achieving an overall accuracy of 91.5% and a precision of 89.2%. Key performance metrics such as F1 scores averaged 88.6%, with the highest individual cluster accuracy reaching 96% for Cluster 10. In addition to data classification, the model facilitated the completion of 250 tasks with a remarkable success rate of 92%, while maintaining an average task completion time of 15.4 minutes and an energy consumption of just 0.5 kWh per task. The implementation of the AC k-means ML model resulted in a 15% increase in crop yield and substantial cost savings estimated at $2,000. With a user satisfaction score averaging 8.7 and an adaptability score of 9.0, the findings indicate that the integration of machine learning and robotics significantly optimizes agricultural processes, promoting sustainability and efficiency in farming practices.