Baghlan University

General Background: The development of the media sector is often associated with legal frameworks that regulate freedom of expression, institutional oversight, and participation of private actors in communication industries. Specific Background: In Afghanistan, the media landscape experienced significant quantitative growth after 2001 following political and legal reforms that permitted private ownership and cooperation with international organizations. Knowledge Gap: Although this expansion has been widely acknowledged, limited scholarly analysis has systematically examined how specific legal instruments contributed to the emergence and growth of privately operated media outlets during the post-2001 period. Aims: This study investigates the role of media laws in the growth of private media in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2021. Results: Using qualitative analysis of legal documents and statistical data on media development, the study identifies the Constitution of Afghanistan, the Mass Media Law, and the Right to Access to Information Law, together with the establishment of regulatory institutions, as central elements supporting the establishment of private media organizations. During two decades, the sector expanded to more than 1,327 print outlets, 349 radio stations, and 203 private television channels. Novelty: The research provides an integrated examination of legal frameworks and sectoral expansion by combining legal analysis with statistical evidence on media proliferation. Implications: The findings suggest that coherent media legislation, supportive governance, and independent regulatory bodies are important policy considerations for sustaining pluralistic media systems and maintaining the development of privately operated media institutions in Afghanistan. Highlights:• Legal Reforms After 2001 Permitted Privately Operated Broadcasting and Publishing Activities.• Registration Data Indicate Rapid Proliferation of Print Outlets, Radio Stations, and Television Channels.• Constitutional Provisions and Information Access Legislation Structured the Regulatory Environment. Keywords: Afghanistan Media Law, Private Media Development, Mass Media Regulation, Access To Information Law, Media Sector Growth.

The fast development of digital technologies has changed how politics works around the world, making us rethink the role of digital platforms in democracy. This paper looks at how views on the importance of digital tools and digital democracy are changing, and how these changes affect political involvement, leadership, and how people take part in politics. By looking at existing research and using a qualitative approach, this study aims to explain how digital technologies affect democratic practices and the wider political world. The findings show that while digital platforms help people get more involved in democracy, they also bring challenges like false information, divided opinions, and unequal access to technology. The paper argues that we need a balanced understanding of digital democracy that sees both its advantages and its problems.

Wheat strip rust is the most devastating fungal disease in the north Provinces of Afghanistan, causes heavy losses on this staple food crop for the last two years. Therefore, the experiment was carried out under field conditions in 2023, to screen the most growing wheat varieties against stripe rust disease. A total of 18 different varieties were used for this study to find out the resistant varieties. The study revealed that, among all tested varieties no one was found with complet resistance reaction against strip rust (yellow leaf rust). 12 varieties such as Pat wheat, Hazardana lalmi, Zardana, Jawzjan, Kabali, Lalmi 17, Darulaman, Sarkha, Suleh, Wahdat, Chonta and Mazar-99 expressed moderately resistance reaction, while the other 6 varieties viz., Lalmi 4, Hazardana Abi, safidak, roshan, Kabul 013, Lalmi 15 showed moderately susceptible response to disease, a visible effects on wheat yield and plant height were also exposed by rust in some varieties compared to others, however the 15.00 gr/plot), whereas the lowest yield collected from zardana (1213.33 gr/plot) and safidak uppermost yield harvested from pat wheat (2128.33 gr/plot), Kabali (1970 gr/plot) and chonta (17 (1248.33 gr/plot), in respect to height, the highest wheat varieties were Sarkha 135.73 cm and Pat wheat 121.00 cm; while the lowest height recorded in Choonta 92.20 cm and Suleh 92.73 cm.

This article focuses on the communicative skills of learners in ESL classes. English conversation plays a crucial role in understanding each other and dealing with different kinds of uncovered problems. This means that not only do the soldiers that I teach need English for communication abroad, but Czech teachers also need English to communicate with them. It is always valuable to have a chat with them and ask questions to make sure our judgement colleagues are native speakers. At my work, I have an opportunity to encounter people from various parts of the world, and I am very interested in the way they use English as their mother tongue. These co-workers have a greater supporting role in our teaching process and were right. Even if they come from America, England, or Australia, and their accents differ, it is just a question of time for teachers and students to adjust to their speech and distinguish differences in pronunciation. Being able to keep a fluent conversation with a native speaker is viewed as the main goal of my students, which underlines the importance of speaking skills from a student´s point of view. Therefore, in my thesis, I decided to concentrate on communicative activities that might be helpful for English teachers and enhance their students´ communicative skills. My thesis is divided into two parts – theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, I deal with the difference between speaking and conversation and explain its practical use in everyday life. I also aim to highlight the importance of motivation in teaching practice and the techniques and approaches used to enhance students´ desire to speak a foreign language. While dealing with communicative activities, I focused on distinguishing them either as accuracy or fluency activities and provided definitions of these terms. The role of a teacher is also discussed, and useful ideas are suggested to make the speaking lesson as effective as possible. The practical part consists of a set of pre-taught communicative activities described minutely and their evaluation for other teachers who would like to apply them in their speaking lessons.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of welding design parameters and optimum cost design via Geometric Programming (GP) and the Lingo Program (LP). The first section begins with basic definitions and steps for transforming problems into the GP format, followed by comparing the GP and LP with several other optimization methods. This comparison demonstrates that GP is an effective, robust, and reliable method for optimizing linear and nonlinear problems, whereas Lingo is a simple and suitable program for locating optimal values and analyzing the solutions to engineering problems. The next part of the study concerned sensitivity analysis of the problem and determining the sensitivity of the optimal solution to certain changes in the original model. To perform sensitivity analysis, the optimal response and design parameters of the welded beam for a certain percentage of changes in P, L, бd, and τd values were evaluated and plotted as diagrams. Sensitivity analysis is a crucial component of optimization, as it determines the percentage of change at which the optimal response remains constant. To this end, the support vector machine (SVM) is trained using data from optimal design conditions. In this study, the SVM was utilized to predict the weld thickness variable (h), weld length variable (l), bar thickness (t), bar width (b), and objective function (FX). After successful testing, the model accurately predicted the parameters above, adhering to all design constraints.This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of welding design parameters and optimum cost design via Geometric Programming (GP) and the Lingo Program (LP). The first section begins with basic definitions and steps for transforming problems into the GP format, followed by comparing the GP and LP with several other optimization methods. This comparison demonstrates that GP is an effective, robust, and reliable method for optimizing linear and nonlinear problems, whereas Lingo is a simple and suitable program for locating optimal values and analyzing the solutions to engineering problems. The next part of the study concerned sensitivity analysis of the problem and determining the sensitivity of the optimal solution to certain changes in the original model. To perform sensitivity analysis, the optimal response and design parameters of the welded beam for a certain percentage of changes in P, L, бd, and τd values were evaluated and plotted as diagrams. Sensitivity analysis is a crucial component of optimization, as it determines the percentage of change at which the optimal response remains constant. To this end, the support vector machine (SVM) is trained using data from optimal design conditions. In this study, the SVM was utilized to predict the weld thickness variable (h), weld length variable (l), bar thickness (t), bar width (b), and objective function (FX). After successful testing, the model accurately predicted the parameters above, adhering to all design constraints.

Given the strategic importance of wheat production for the country's food security, this study aimed to analyze the efficiency of wheat producers in the Dihdadi district of Balkh province, Afghanistan, using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. The required data were classified using a random sampling method, and 295 questionnaires were collected in 2022. The results show that the average technical, allocative, economic, pure technical (management), and scale efficiencies are 0.858, 0.632, 0.541, 0.964, and 0.893, respectively. Based on these results, increasing the efficiency of wheat producers in this district can improve technical, allocative, economic, management, and scale efficiencies by 14.2%, 36.8%, 45.9%, 3.6%, and 43.6%, respectively. 16.95% of wheat producers operate with decreasing returns relative to the scale, 72.2% use with increasing returns relative to the scale, and only 10.85% operate at the optimal scale (constant returns to scale). Therefore, increasing the production scale is suggested to enhance rational efficiency. Recommendations, management, and policy contexts related to improving the efficiency of wheat producers can contribute to local economic and social conditions.

This research endeavours to illuminate an important feature of the poetry of Ibn Zaydon, namely the employment of an element of silent nature "the Moon", which is noted in his poetry in a striking manner worthy of study and reflection. The Moon in Arabic poetry has been present since today ' It has the characteristics of enabling the poet to express his psychological potentials, his relationship with himself and the other and all around him. This is what we clearly glimpse at Ibn Zaidon. The moon overlooks his debt here and there, bearing his emotional contradictions, his various experiences, such as his relationship with the beloved wallada Bint al-mustakfi, and the kings of al-Andalus, So we see him calling the moon sometimes for praise and for love and another time, and then for lamentation, for curse, and for glaciating the scourge of imprisonment sometimes another.....; So the research came to examine the above, and conclude that the recruitment mechanism, the motives for it, and its role in forming the text as a structure and meaning.

Afghanistan has been plagued by decades of conflict, but the last two decades' movements toward peace offer the opportunity for a new era of human development. The government was committed to achieving the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals. Due to repeated wars and conflicts, the country relies heavily on foreign aid to support its development goals and fill budget gaps. The Human Development Index (HDI) serves as a widely utilized measure of individual well-being, and foreign aid is one of the most effective tools for the development of impoverished nations. In this study, we analyzed the impact of foreign aid on Afghanistan's Human Development Index and its three core components from 1990 to 2019.We achieved our objective through the implementation of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Our study uncovered a reciprocal association between ODA and HDI, including its three aspects. Through our observations, we have discovered that foreign aid plays a crucial role in enhancing human development in the long term. Specifically, for every one percent increase in ODA, we have observed a 0.0007 percent improvement in HDI. In addition, our findings have revealed that human development serves as a driving force in attracting foreign aid. Looking at Afghanistan as a case study, we have observed a significant improvement in overall human development, which we attribute to the influx of foreign aid during our study period.

East is one of the great geographical areas of human life that is rich in culture and has been a reservoir of knowledge and rival at various times; As Europeans' acquaintance with its sciences has led to the formation of the Enlightenment in Europe, the West has reached a stage of scientific progress and to its sense of pride and self-esteem, ignoring the rich past of the East, and to embody the East, and to establish the East and the East. It was based on the above that the paper examined the concept of Orient in Oriental discourse and analyzed it in a descriptive-analytical way. So the key questions are how the West's view of the distant past has been about the East, and why have they turned to false images instead of the actual image of the East? What is the role of Orientalist discourse in presenting negative images of the East? And what contribution did this Orientalist discourse have in colonizing the East? As the findings of this study show, the West has been trying to make self-esteem self-sufficient and overlooking the transcendent features of the East. It was, therefore, the view that, with the expansion of Orientalism and the creation of binary oppositions, he made the East a lower position, defining the good and the East with ugly attributes, and provided a false image of the East so that it could control and control the East.

Objective: The primary goal of the study was to examine students’ perceptions of classroom assessment at a public university in Afghanistan. Exploring current assessment practices focused on student and faculty members lived experiences was a secondary goal. The study also sought to collect evidence on whether or not the new assessment policy was effective in student achievement. Method: Authors used an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design to conduct the study. Initially, we applied the Students Perceptions of Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), translated into Dari/Farsi and validated, to collect data from a random sample of 400 students from three colleges: Agriculture, Education, and Humanities. Response rate was 88.25% (<em>N</em> = 353). Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from a purposeful sample of 18 students and 7 faculty members. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and <em>t</em>-tests were used to analyze quantitative data, and NVivo 12 was used to conduct thematic analysis on qualitative data. Results: The quantitative results suggest that students have positive perceptions of the current assessment practices. However, both students and faculty members were dissatisfied with the grading policy, reinforcing summative over formative assessment. Results support that the policy change regarding assessment has resulted in more students passing the courses compared to in the past. The findings also suggest improvements in faculty professional skills such as assessment and teaching and ways that they engage students in assessment processes. Implication for Policy and Practice: Recommendations include revisiting the grading policy at the national level to allow faculty members to balance the formative and summative assessment and utilizing assessment benchmarks and rubrics to guide formative and summative assessment implementation in practice.