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We report the morphological characteristics of oocysts of Eimeria lancasterensisJoseph, 1969, collected from 6 of 6 (100%) eastern gray squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, collected in Arkansas (n = 3) and Oklahoma (n = 3), and Eimeria ontarioensisLee and Dorney, 1971, recovered from an individual of S. carolinensis from Arkansas. Oocysts of E. lancasterensis were ovoidal to ellipsoidal, measuring (L × W) 24.0 × 14.6 (18-29 × 12-16) µm; shape index (L/W) was 1.6 (1.3-1.8). A micropyle and an oocyst residuum were absent, but up to 2 polar granules were present. Oocysts of E. ontarioensis were piriform and measured 40.6 × 26.0 (37-44 × 23-28); L/W was 1.6 (1.5-1.7). These oocysts possessed a distinct micropyle and rarely a polar granule but lacked an oocyst residuum. The DNA was isolated from both eimerians, and the 18S rDNA genetic markers were PCR-amplified, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. To our knowledge, this study represents the first time 18S DNA sequence data have been generated from E. lancasterensis and E. ontarioensis found in North American sciurid hosts, as well as new geographic distribution records for these coccidians. In addition, we also include a tabular summary of these 2 species of Eimeria from Sciurus spp. worldwide, with information on their hosts, distribution, and taxonomically important morphological characteristics, including key measurements of oocysts and sporocysts.

Thromboembolism is a feared complication in plastic surgery and is linked to higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research, there is a lack of consistency between recommendations and clinical protocols to be implemented pre and post-surgery to reduce the incidence of thromboembolism. A systematic literature review was conducted using Pubmed and Scopus databases to determine the risk factors, screening methods, and existing treatment models for thromboembolism prevention. Articles in non-English languages were excluded. Analysis indicated that predominant risk factors include age (>35), elevated body mass index, coagulation disorders, smoking, estrogen therapies, genetic predisposition, vascular endothelium damage, stasis, and use of general anesthesia in patients with a history of cancer. Implementation of a proper prophylactic protocol is dependent on understanding the interplay between the aforementioned risk factors and the utilization of well-defined, evidence-based guidelines, such as the 2005 Caprini Risk Assessment Model and ultrasound surveillance. The literature review revealed that mechanical prophylaxis is the primary prevention method, followed by thromboprophylaxis for patients with higher Caprini scores. Plastic surgeons often underestimate the present risk stratification tools available for the prophylactic intervention of thromboembolism due to the fear of bleeding or hematoma complications postoperatively. In summary, this literature review emphasizes the importance of plastic surgeons selecting protocols that is inclusive of the patient's risk profile to yield a reduced risk of thromboembolism.

Acute pancreatitis is a risk factor for intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Immediate detection and management of IAH and ACS are critical for patient survival. Obtaining accurate and consistent intra-abdominal pressure and urinary output with high frequency is challenging, but critical for effective patient management. The presented case is of a 40-year-old man with a history of chronic alcoholism who developed severe acute pancreatitis. The patient was fluid resuscitated for distributive shock; hypoxic respiratory failure, intubation, and anuria followed. Real-time monitoring of urinary output and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) allowed for early recognition of acute kidney injury (AKI) and ACS leading to early surgical intervention. Normalized IAP returned renal function and re-establishment of stable hemodynamics without vasopressors.

Modern flying birds molt to replace old and worn feathers that inhibit flight performance, but its origins are unclear. We address this by presenting and evaluating a ~150 million year old record of molting in a feathered dinosaur from the early bird Archaeopteryx. Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence revealed feather sheaths that are otherwise invisible under white light. These are separated by one feather and are not in numerical sequential order and are mirrored in both wings. This indicates that a sequential center-out molting strategy was already present at the origins of flight, which is used in living falcons to preserve maximum flight performance. This strategy would have been a welcome advantage for early theropod flyers that had poor flight capabilities. This discovery provides important insights into how birds refined their early flight capabilities before the appearance of the keeled sternum, pygostyle and triosseal canal.

The main hypothesis of this study is that a Diplodocus was injured, resulting in a variety of paleopathologies described herein. Several bones have unusual pathologies, such as a left pubis bone with an abnormal growth and a left femur with an extended fourth trochanter. Pathologies present in these bones suggest an injury from an unknown cause, which the Diplodocus survived. The left pubis bone growth shows signs of possibly being purulent, and the right pubis shows evidence of healing after fracturing due to the presence of a callus. Osteomyelitis may have occurred in a growth from a pubis and enthesitis on the left femur, causing an extension to the fourth trochanter on the left femur from muscle strain. The extension of the fourth trochanter on the left femur suggests that the m. caudofemoralis longus on the left femur was also damaged by the injury, and the healing process involved fibrous entheseal changes to strengthen the muscle attachment site. It remains unknown if it was damaged in the same impact injury or from a different, unrelated scenario.

Between April 2012 and September 2013, feces from 18 green anoles, Anolis carolinensis from Arkansas (n = 14), Louisiana (n = 1), and Oklahoma (n = 3) were examined for coccidia. Two species of coccidians were found, including a new caryosporan and a new eimerian. Oocysts of Caryospora natchitochesensis n. sp. from a single A. carolinensis from Louisiana were subspheroidal to ovoidal with a smooth, yellow-to-brown-pigmented, bilayered wall of equal thickness (∼0.3-0.7) and measured (L × W) 13.1 × 12.3 μm, with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.1. A micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent, but a polar granule was present. Sporocysts were ovoidal and measured 10.1 × 7.4 μm, L/W was 1.4. A Stieda body (∼1.0 μm) was present, but substieda and parastieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum was composed of dispersed granules or globules among sporozoites. Oocysts of Eimeria robisoni n. sp. from 1 of 12 (8%) green anoles from Arkansas were ellipsoidal with a smooth, unilayered wall (∼0.4-0.5) and measured (L × W) 14.5 × 10.5 μm, with L/W ratio of 1.4. A micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent, but 1-4 (usually 2) polar granules were present. Sporocysts were subspheroidal to ovoidal and measured 5.8 × 4.9 μm, L/W was 1.2. Stieda, substieda, and parastieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum was composed of dispersed granules between sporozoites. None of the anoles from Oklahoma was found to be passing oocysts. This is the second time an eimerian and a caryosporan have been reported from green anoles. A summary of the coccidians of lizards of the family Dactyloidae is provided, with special emphasis on the Anolis of the United States.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether nurse managers and staff nurses in rural public health offices were satisfied with their jobs, whether managers were more satisfied than staff nurses, and whether their achieved educational level impacted their job satisfaction. A nonexperimental comparative study was conducted of currently employed public health nurses (PHNs) to determine job satisfaction levels by using Stember's Web-based 80-question job satisfaction survey. The sample consisted of 88 PHNs employed as either managers or staff nurses in county public health office settings during April 2006. In general, both nurse managers and staff nurses reported high job satisfaction. No significant differences existed between the composite job satisfaction scores of the managers and staff nurses. Significant differences existed between managers' and staff nurses' job satisfaction in the categories of "influence" and "interpersonal relationships" with managers less satisfied than staff nurses. Both staff nurses and managers in public health were satisfied with their jobs. Managers attributed any sense of decreased job satisfaction in the areas of influence and interpersonal relationships. Further study is needed to determine what contributes to satisfaction of PHNs in order to promote positive work environments conducive to retention and recruitment.

A nearly complete skeleton of Archaeopteryx with excellent bone preservation shows that the osteology of the urvogel is similar to that of nonavian theropod dinosaurs. The new specimen confirms the presence of a hyperextendible second toe as in dromaeosaurs and troodontids. Archaeopteryx had a plesiomorphic tetraradiate palatine bone and no fully reversed first toe. These observations provide further evidence for the theropod ancestry of birds. In addition, the presence of a hyperextendible second toe blurs the distinction of archaeopterygids from basal deinonychosaurs (troodontids and dromaeosaurs) and challenges the monophyly of Aves.

Abstract Rey's (1964) Fifteen-Item Test (FIT) and the Hiscock Forced-Choice Procedure (HFCP; Hiscock & Hiscock, 1989) are two assessment methods that are reported to be sensitive in detecting malingered amnesia. This study compared the FIT with an abbreviated version of the Hiscock Forced-Choice Procedure (A-HFCP) in detecting simulated memory impairment by administering these two procedures to a group of nonlitigating individuals with moderate to severe brain damage (n=20), depressed psychiatric inpatients (n=20), and a group of normals asked to fake believable memory impairment as a result of brain damage (n=20). On the FIT, the brain-damaged group recalled significantly fewer items than the remaining two groups and fewer rows than the psychiatric patients. Using a cutoff of seven or less items correct, 40% of the braindamaged group and 20% of the psychiatric group would have been classified as possible malingerers. In contrast, only 5% of the simulators fell in the “malingering” range. When comparisons...