Bayerisches Landeskriminalamt

Abstract In neighbourhood research, the concept of collective efficacy has been particularly successful in capturing key dimensions of the social fabric of communities, i.e. social cohesion and expectations for social control actions amongst residents. Yet, very few scholars have studied collective efficacy over time, looking at the social dynamics of neighbourhood development, and none has tested for longitudinal measurement invariance. We use a repeated cross-sectional survey of residents conducted in 2014 and 2020 in 139 neighbourhoods in Cologne and Essen (Germany) to analyse the measurement invariance of the scale collective efficacy. Applying multilevel CFA, previous analyses have shown that this scale has two separate latent dimensions on the individual level of respondents – social cohesion and informal social control – but just one latent dimension on the collective level of neighbourhoods (Gerstner et al., Social Indicators Research 144:1151–1177, 2019). We test for longitudinal measurement invariance of collective efficacy in the framework of multilevel CFA, and in a second step, explore the covarying changes of collective efficacy and sociodemographic indicators. We find scalar measurement invariance and only small changes of collective efficacy over time which, however, are significantly related to changes in ethnic diversity: increases in ethnic diversity are associated with slight decreases in collective efficacy, supporting both classic social disorganization theory as well as Robert Putnam’s ‘hunkering down’ hypothesis.

The analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) from human skeletal remains can provide useful insights when investigating archaeological finds. One popular application of aDNA is to examine genealogical relationships between individuals recovered at the same archaeological site. For the reconstruction of genealogical relationships, several genetic markers are commonly used: autosomal STRs, mitochondrial lineages (based on SNP-analysis) and Y-chromosomal haplotypes (based on Y-STR-analysis). In this paper, we present the additional opportunities that X-STRs provide in aDNA kinship reconstruction, especially in deficiency cases and for the examination of father-daughter relationships. Possible applications are demonstrated on a range of different kinship reconstructions: confirmation of half-siblingship in the Lichtenstein cave (Germany), exclusion of two potential father-daughter relationships in Goslar (Germany), investigation of three siblingships in Boilstädt (Germany) as well as the confirmation of a father-daughter relationship in Stolpe (Germany). This study shows that the analysis of X-STRs can contribute to the investigation of relationship constellations otherwise difficult to approach (e.g. father-daughter relationships) and that X-STRs are useful to support and complement autosomal STRs, mtDNA and Y-STR data.

We detail the development of the ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) panel forming part of the VISAGE Basic Tool (BT), which combines 41 appearance predictive SNPs and 112 ancestry predictive SNPs (three SNPs shared between sets) in one massively parallel sequencing (MPS) multiplex, whereas blood-based age analysis using methylation markers is run in a parallel MPS analysis pipeline. The selection of SNPs for the BT ancestry panel focused on established forensic markers that already have a proven track record of good sequencing performance in MPS, and the overall SNP multiplex scale closely matched that of existing forensic MPS assays. SNPs were chosen to differentiate individuals from the five main continental population groups of Africa, Europe, East Asia, America, and Oceania, extended to include differentiation of individuals from South Asia. From analysis of 1000 Genomes and HGDP-CEPH samples from these six population groups, the BT ancestry panel was shown to have no classification error using the Bayes likelihood calculators of the Snipper online analysis portal. The differentiation power of the component ancestry SNPs of BT was balanced as far as possible to avoid bias in the estimation of co-ancestry proportions in individuals with admixed backgrounds. The balancing process led to very similar cumulative population-specific divergence values for Africa, Europe, America, and Oceania, with East Asia being slightly below average, and South Asia an outlier from the other groups. Comparisons were made of the African, European, and Native American estimated co-ancestry proportions in the six admixed 1000 Genomes populations, using the BT ancestry panel SNPs and 572,000 Affymetrix Human Origins array SNPs. Very similar co-ancestry proportions were observed down to a minimum value of 10%, below which, low-level co-ancestry was not always reliably detected by BT SNPs. The Snipper analysis portal provides a comprehensive population dataset for the BT ancestry panel SNPs, comprising a 520-sample standardised reference dataset; 3445 additional samples from 1000 Genomes, HGDP-CEPH, Simons Foundation and Estonian Biocentre genome diversity projects; and 167 samples of six populations from in-house genotyping of individuals from Middle East, North and East African regions complementing those of the sampling regimes of the other diversity projects.

O trabalho busca contribuir com o debate sobre a temática da luta das mulheres pelo direito à educação, evidenciando interações que envolvem Classe e Gênero. Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e, conclui que a luta das mulheres é a luta contra o capitalismo, o racismo, a precarização do trabalho e outras formas de discriminação.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Luta das Mulheres. Educação. Mundo do trabalho. Classe. Gênero.
 
 ABSTRACT
 The paper seeks to contribute to the debate on the theme of the struggle of women for the right to education, highlighting interactions involving Class and Gender. It is a bibliographical and documentary research and concludes that the struggle of women is the struggle against capitalism, racism, precarious work and other forms of discrimination.
 KEYWORDS: Women's struggle. Education. World of Work. Class. Gender.

Vergleichende Untersuchungen von mit Gas-Alarm-Waffen verschossenen Schwarzpulverkartuschen ergaben fur die schwersten Partikel maximale Geschwindigkeiten im Bereich von 250–300 m/s (v0,5), entsprechend etwa Emax = 0,045 J bzw. Emax = 45 mJ bzw. Flachenenergiedichten von C = 9–100 mJ/mm2. Fur Nitrozellulose(NC)-Kartuschen waren Geschwindigkeiten von 200–300 m/s (v0,15) abschatzbar, entsprechend Energien bis zu 5 mJ fur die schwersten Teilchen (0,1 mg) und geschatzten Energiedichten von 25 mJ/mm2 (Auftreffen mit der Breitseite, Auftreffflache ca. 0,2 mm2) bis deutlich uber 250 mJ/mm2. Allein aufgrund der festgestellten Werte ist mit der Moglichkeit relevanter Verletzungen insbesondere der Augen zu rechnen. Mit der hier entwickelten Methode und der Verwendung unterschiedlicher papierbespannter Register liegt auch ein Verfahren vor, mit dem die Wirksamkeit spezieller Waffen-Kartuschen-Kombinationen uberpruft werden kann. Aus der Praxis kann unterstellt werden, dass insbesondere der Schussentfernung, also dem Abstand zwischen Laufmundung und Zieloberflache, fur die rechtliche Bewertung eines solchen Sachverhalts erhebliche Bedeutung hinsichtlich der subjektiven Vorhersehbarkeit von Verletzungen zukommt. Auch die Rekonstruktion entsprechender Vorfalle ist damit sinnvoll, um Verletzungsbefunde und Angaben zur Schussentfernung durch Tater bzw. Opfer einschatzen, verifizieren oder falsifizieren zu konnen.

In the past, it was almost impossible for forensic scientists to separate DNA from an undefined number of different individuals in mixed stains where, for example, two or more suspects had handled the same weapon. Such samples often contain complex mixtures with the consequence of ambiguous or inconclusive mixed DNA profiles. Using the method described of comprehensive and/or targeted screening of shed cells adhering to tapings of garments or objects enables such stains to be individualized. To evaluate the method, 500 microscopically selected single skin flakes were analyzed using two different commercial STR kits to compare the success rates for each PCR typing system. The method has been validated for use in routine casework and has been shown to be rapid, sensitive, and reproducible. It can be predicted that many cases in the archives with body tapings, which have not yet been examined will benefit from this new or perhaps more appropriate, reanimated, technical development, and of particular importance are serious crimes, the so-called cold cases. The remarkable forensic value of this simple but time-consuming technique is exemplified by 2 out of approximately 100 cases already successfully solved using this approach.

Suicidal shots fired simultaneously to the head from two handguns are rare. The authors report about a recent case in which a Smith & Wesson cal. 9 mm pistol and a Smith & Wesson cal. .357 Magnum revolver were used. Sitting on a sofa, a 33-year-old man (member of a shooting club) fired two simultaneous shots to the head; the pistol held in the left hand was discharged into the left temple, and the revolver held in the right hand was fired into the mouth. Both weapons remained in the respective hands. An upside-down muzzle imprint in the left temporal region and recoil injuries of a mandibular incisor, and the lower lip indicated that both the pistol and the revolver had been held in an inverted manner at the time of discharge. Blood stains (backspatter) and gunshot residues were present on both firing hands, whereas forward spatter originating from the exit wounds was deposited on the wall behind the suicide's head.