Bealey Community Hospital

Sediments forming the type section of the Late Cretaceous Mount Howie Sandstone in the Cordillo Dome in northeastern South Australia were investigated. The results show that, based on the palynologically determined age and the lithological, stratigraphic, textural andmineralogical continuity of the sediments, alongwith the possible volcanogenic origin of some of the clay clasts, the sediments atMt Howie aremid CretaceousWinton Formation capped by Cordillo Silcrete. We have thus placed the formal Late CretaceousMount Howie Sandstone as a member of theWinton Formation.

Abstract IntroductionThe developmental and attachment literature on violence is reviewed. Violence is conceptualized as an attempt to achieve justice. The cycle of violence is explored with reference to the early experience of perpetrators and their treatment by the criminal justice system after they have committed acts of violence.AetiologyThe origins of violence are considered in the context of the experience of trauma in childhood and the consequent damage to ‘internal working models’ of relationships. The perpetration of violence in later life is viewed in the context of identifying with the aggressor, the obliteration of thought processes and the repetition of the earlier childhood trauma. The offence is considered as a symptom, a symbolic communication, by individuals who are unable to symbolize distress on a verbal level.The institutional responseThe ‘violence begets violence’ hypothesis is then extended to include the response of society and its institutions as part of the full circle of the repetition compulsion: the childhood victim who later becomes a perpetrator, then again becomes the victim of a cruel and persecuting system. Incarceration is viewed as a ‘compromise formation’ in that it fulfils the wish both for punishment and for care, albeit in a highly disguised form and allowing for a defensive state of mind to continue.The therapeutic relationshipThese issues are considered in the context of the therapeutic relationship and the enactment of early trauma in this setting which may provide insight into the psychological processes at work between the offender and society.ConclusionsUnderstanding violence indicates that, whilst some individuals need to be physically checked, a response which focuses on retribution fails to address the problem of violence and colludes with the very pathology of those who engage in such action. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.

Detailed research using rich primary sources, especially of institutions, has produced excellent analyses from the European and US traditions.Many authors have begun to emphasize recurrent themes in the history of psychiatry and have provided important insights for today's professionals. The American Psychiatric Association's sesquicentennial celebrations led to an increase of review articles in the past year.

A simple method for the measurement of clozapine and its N-desmethyl metabolite in human plasma or serum by high performance liquid chromatography is described. An internal standard (aqueous nortriptyline, 4 mg/L) (50 microL) and Tris buffer (2 mol/L, pH 10.6) (100 microL) are added to plasma/serum (200 microL) and the analytes and internal standard extracted into methyl tert-butyl ether (200 microL). The extracts are analysed on a 150 mm column containing Spherisorb S5SCX using methanol containing ammonium perchlorate (35 mmol/L, pH 6.7) as eluent at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Detection is by ultraviolet absorption (215 nm). The limit of detection is better than 0.05 mg/L for both analytes and the intra-assay precision (CV) for clozapine and norclozapine was 5.3 and 7.3% at 0.5 mg/L and 2.6 and 2.8% at 1.5 mg/L, respectively. The method can be applied to the measurement of these compounds in plasma after acute overdosage, for the assessment of compliance in patients apparently refractory to therapy and to identify interactions between clozapine and other neuroleptic and antidepressant drugs which may effect toxicity.

This paper reviews the recent advances in the pathogenesis and drug therapy of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Plans for long-term management of patients with ALD have been outlined. No specific drug is available for treating alcoholic cirrhosis at present. As there are no genetic, immunological or biochemical markers to predict the progression of alcohol-induced hepatopathy to date, perivenular sclerosis is the only available hepato-histological marker for developing alcoholic cirrhosis. Total abstinence from drinking alcohol is the primary aim of management. It is also suggested that periodic assessment of synthetic capability of liver might offer warning signal for the deterioration of hepatic lesion in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.