Bergen School of Architecture

Understanding the characteristics and determinants of population distribution is essential for formulating effective policies and strategies, especially in the poverty-stricken mountainous regions. This study investigates the characteristics, evolution (2000–2020), and influencing factors of population distribution in the Liangshan Yi ethnic region, a representative poverty-stricken mountainous region in Southwest China. The results reveal that: (1) Over the past two decades, the spatial pattern of population distribution has remained stable. However, the balance of population distribution has improved, as indicated by the decreasing size of the standard deviation ellipse, reflecting a more even population spread. (2) The population distribution demonstrates significant clustering in town centers, with strong positive correlations, as reflected in Moran’s I index values of 0.732, 0.708, 0.620, 0.556, and 0.554 for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. (3) The vertical zonation pattern and the differentiation characteristics in slope and aspect play a significant role in population distribution. Over time, these factors have played an increasingly significant role in shaping the evolution of population distribution. The interaction between natural factors and vegetation is pivotal in the spatiotemporal patterns of population distribution. These factors have directly and indirectly contributed to the persistence of poverty in these mountainous areas by limiting accessibility, resource availability, and economic opportunities. The study’s results provide valuable insights for enhancing population distribution strategies in impoverished mountainous regions and informing policy-making.

Internationally, historic bazars are being regenerated to maintain and sustain the ambience of heritage core of the city. In Pakistan, this concept is also being followed in historic cities like Lahore, which have meaningful results by saving endangered heritage of specific time period as well creating economic, recreational and tourism activities having direct impact on uplifting of the community. There is need to apply this concept of regeneration in the other historic cities of Pakistan especially the remote areas like Southern Punjab where the heritage is being detoriating due to lack of maintenance and encroachment and need to protect on priority basis. Southern Punjab, Pakistan is a cradle of many civilizations and full of historic monuments with a most important era of Sultanate Period in which numbers of shrines were built spiritually in the memory of Sufi saints who played a vital role in spread of Islam in the region. Regular visits by their followers, especially during URS, led to the establishment of commercial and recreational activities in the form of bazars and mela grounds around these shrines. However, as city centers evolved over time, these bazars have deteriorated, necessitating regeneration for the revival of the historic core's ambiance This research focuses on the regeneration of historic bazars during the Sultanate Period in one of the historic settlements of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The methodology involves a comprehensive survey and interviews with experts, contributing valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge. Emphasizing compliance with SDG-11.4, which underscores the importance of ensuring the safety of indigenous heritage, the study aims to provide practical recommendations for the sustainable regeneration of these historic bazars, safeguarding Southern Punjab's rich cultural legacy.

Since Brundtland Commission, 1987 defined Sustainability – “Utilising resources without compromising future generations”, today’s generations continue to compromise the future generations by exploiting the resources and fail to address the potential to move the benchmark, wider on the global climatic issues. The emerging field of regenerative design aims at extending the design and development from neutrality paradigm - resource efficiency to net positive approach that can help the community to resolve the ecological and socio – economic crisis. This approach requires an in-depth understanding about the ecosystem principles, see ‘place’ as a core concept, design and evolve buildings that can regenerate the surrounding ecosystem. Being an emerging concept, the regenerative concept has significant theoretical perspectives with limited case examples. The purpose of the current study is to develop a design framework that bridges the gap between theory and practicality. The current research paper examines the field of regenerative design, its current theory and the works of various ecologists and architects through secondary research. Further, it also explores the limitations and barriers between the theories and practice worldwide. The collected literature was interpreted, evaluated through qualitative methods and concluded with a framework strategy that can be applied in design process as well as in the evaluation of the proposals.

More than 90% of wooden frame houses are made up of components processed by pre-cutting. The drawings for pre-cutting are prepared by the designers of structural design offices and pre-cutting factories. In this study, interviews, drawing surveys, and questionnaires were conducted in order to understand the tendency of the joint arrangement of horizontal members of the framing designers. As a result of the survey, it was found that there were some cases where joints had to be placed at these locations, although they were designed not to be placed at push up part of the brace or inside the angle-tie.

ABSTRACT The North Sea is undergoing severe ecological degradation. Can this condition be used as leverage for a change in societal attitudes, which are subsequently reflected in planning practices? Currently, both avenues are progressing with few effective feedback loops. This question is examined through imaginative proposals made by students at Bergen School of architecture, who address the North Sea as a holistic seascape composed of human-made and natural phenomena and aim to provide strategies for ecological recovery while reinstating the commons.

Editorial Summary: In »These Are Only Hints and Guesses« Francesca Torzo explores experience, conscience, and culture as territories to reflect on architecture. Tracing back the narratives and stories from the past as a basic foundation of knowledge, she unravels the resonance of history and knowledge within contemporary experience and design in architecture. Based upon what has been, the thinking and making of architecture is always embedded in the stream of memory and tradition, referring to what was there before. Proceeding from this basis, the personal archive of memories fuels the processes of association and imagination. Any idea is integral to a cultural context, while culture is considered to be this stream of consciousness, forming the background to recent lived experience and its projection into future conception and design. [Uta Graff]

The theoretical efficiency of heat pumps improves as the temperature difference between the high-temperature heating medium and low-temperature heating medium is reduced. In Japan, the annual average temperature is around 20°C, which is close to the temperature zone in which humans feel thermally comfortable. Therefore, if heat is interchanged between seasons by preparing an object with a sufficiently large heat capacity, there is the possibility that a comfortable thermal environment can be formed with high efficiency using a heat pump with a relatively small temperature difference. The ground represents one of the most promising objects with such a heat capacity, and heat pump systems that take advantage of the ground's heat capacity are generally called ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems., The main purpose of GSHP systems is to increase the efficiency of the heat pump cycle by using the heat capacity of the ground. Therefore, to maximize its efficiency and sustainability, it is not sufficient to consider only short-term trends, and heat transfer and temperature fluctuations must be examined across seasons and years. In predicting such long-term temperature fluctuations and improving the efficiency of the system, a computer simulation can be effective. In this paper, we report on development of a model of ground heat exchanger using virtual ground temperature not dependent on the type of ground heat exchanger and the thermal properties of ground soil. The procedure for estimating the parameters of the model from the operation data is presented. In addition, the accuracy of the model is verified by applying this method to the data collected at an existing building in Fukuoka, Japan. For the horizontal ground heat exchanger, the average error from the measured value was 0.22°C and the maximum error was 0.91°C. For the vertical ground heat exchanger, the average error was 0.30°C and the maximum error was 1.89°C. By conducting calculations by combining the developed ground heat exchanger model with the model of the ground source heat pump and air heat source heat pump, the relationship between the ground heat exchanger operation period and the COP (Coefficient Of Performance) was clarified.

An adsorption refrigeration chiller has great potential for improving energy conservation. It uses adsorbing materials with low regeneration temperatures that can be regenerated by waste heat from a gas engine or hot water from a solar heat collector. To optimize the operation of an adsorption refrigeration chiller, a performance prediction method is required. In this study, a model of an adsorption refrigeration chiller was developed for annual building energy simulation. Models have been developed to calculate the thermodynamic properties of an adsorbent. Many of the adsorption refrigeration chillers currently available in the market use an AFI-type structure ferroaluminophosphate zeolite (FAPO-5) as the adsorbent. As the adsorption isotherms of FAPO-5 have sigmoidal characteristics in contrast to those of general zeolite or silica gel, they were approximated using a logistic function (Eq.(1)). Fig. 2 shows the adsorption isotherms of FAPO-5. To increase the calculation speed, a linear regression model (Fig. 3) was also proposed. The correlations between relative pressure [-], adsorbent temperature [K], and adsorption [kg/kg] were expressed in the model. The relative and absolute error rates of adsorbent temperature were 0.009% and 0.024%, respectively, in the range of applications. To calculate the temperature of saturated water from relative pressure and adsorbent temperature, a linear regression model of saturated water and vapor was also developed. The model of the adsorption refrigeration chiller consists of four components: a condenser, an evaporator, an adsorber, and a desorber. Fig. 4 shows the heat balance diagram of the adsorption refrigeration chiller. Heat flow was modeled using cooling water, chilled water, and hot water. Heat flow inside the chiller occurred by vaporization, condensation, desorption, and adsorption of refrigerant water. The heat exchange at each component was expressed with the NTU (number of transfer units) effective method as expressed in Eqs. (15), (22), (25), and (27). The changes in adsorption at the adsorber and desorber were expressed using differential equations as shown in Eq. (18) and Eq. (24). Fig. 5 shows the time series of the adsorption refrigeration cycle assumed in this model. Eq. (18) and Eq. (24) can be solved to Eq. (36) and Eq. (40) by using the linearity assumption of adsorption isotherms. Fig. 6 shows the calculation flow diagram of the model. Three iterative computations were required. The co-efficient of performance (COP) of the chiller was calculated iteratively in the outer loop. The hot water outlet temperature and desorb temperature were calculated iteratively in the inner loop. When the value of adsorption exceeded the linear range in the iterative calculations, the value was corrected as shown in Fig. 7. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the developed model. Fig. 8 shows the results of sensitivity analysis. The cooling capacity and COP were calculated by varying the temperature and flow rate of cooling water, hot water, and chilled water. The plot in Fig. 8 represents the actual measured data from a previous study. The lines in Fig. 8 are the calculated results for the developed model. The solid lines denote the results that have the same boundary conditions as the measured data. The results of the sensitivity analysis on flow rates were consistent with the measured data. Sensitivity analysis on the hot water inlet temperature shows slightly different trends compared to measured data. All source codes developed in this study are distributed under General Public License and can be downloaded from the website ( http://www.hvacsimulator.net ).

In this paper, I explore the relationship between old and new graphic media practices. I have made woodcuts or woodcut in combination with new technologies such as laser cutting. I am interested in how the language works as a manipulative tool in our everyday life. In the art projects described in this text, I have explored the language from the economic sphere and the typical language from bureaucratic governmental plans. Our high-tech society encourage high-speed decisions often with unintended consequences. I am interested in how this speed can be critically questioned. A key question is the extent to which the choice of printing technique influences and becomes part of the content. Can the old ‘out-of-date’ printing technologies today represent something beyond the purely functional and have qualities that are not just about nostalgia, but which may also be critical and productive of alternative futures (economic, political, etc.).