Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya

A promising class of ferrimagnetic materials, nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) nanoparticles have great potential for use in microwave devices, magnetic storage systems, catalysis, and biomedical applications such as targeted drug administration. This study offers a thorough analysis of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles produced by co-precipitation, including a thorough assessment of both as-prepared and thermally treated (600 °C) samples. Under regulated conditions (pH 10.13 ± 0.06, reaction temperature of 80 °C), the synthesis used a stoichiometric Ni²⁺:Fe³⁺ molar ratio of 1:2. An inverse spinel cubic structure with crystallite diameters of 6.50 nm (as-prepared) and 7.14 nm (calcined at 600 °C), indicating a 9.8% increase after thermal treatment, was validated by structural characterisation using powder X-ray diffraction. Because of particle sintering and agglomeration, calcination increased crystallinity from 70.0% to 73.9% while decreasing specific surface area by 10.3% (from 174 to 156 m²/g). A limited, concentrated size distribution (mean 9.0 nm, 70% within the 7-11 nm range) was shown by scanning electron microscopy study of 200 nanoparticles, indicating good nucleation and growth control. Following calcination, optical characterisation using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed a notable 20% decrease in Urbach energy (0.30 to 0.24 eV) and a 3.4% rise in band gap energy (1.76 to 1.82 eV), indicating significantly reduced electronic disorder and enhanced crystalline quality. The XRD crystallite size (6.5-7.14 nm) was significantly smaller than the SEM particle diameter (9.0 nm), indicating that the particles are aggregates of mesoporous primary crystallites. The co-precipitation protocols dependability and scalability were confirmed by a thorough batch-to-batch reproducibility analysis that showed remarkable consistency in product output (82.27 ± 0.83%, coefficient of variation = 1.0%). These results demonstrate the effectiveness and reproducibility of co-precipitation in the production of high-quality NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with tunable characteristics, offering quantitative direction for thermal parameter optimization for particular applications.

The research aims to develop a single-pass integrated machine that can simultaneously cut crops, spray pesticides, and sow seeds, replacing the need for separate machinery. The primary objectives are to minimise overall operating time and achieve significant labour savings for small to medium-sized farm operations. By utilising a single power unit for all three functions, the goal is to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce cultivation costs. The ultimate aim is to boost agricultural productivity by offering a user-friendly, adaptable, and energy-efficient solution. The machine is designed by combining various mechanisms powered by a single unit. A single DC motor operates both the seed feeder and the crop harvesting mechanisms simultaneously. This motor is powered by a rechargeable dry battery unit. To accommodate different field operations, the machine has two modes: high and low. The seed sowing mechanism employs a rotational drum feeder to ensure a consistent and measurable seed output, while the crop harvesting mechanism utilises the reciprocating motion of cutter blades. All these components are mounted on a compact frame, making the machine easy to operate, transport, and handle in the field. This compact design reduces costs while enhancing versatility for various operations. The system's calculated speed of 2 mph allows the Grass Cutter component, despite its smaller 2-foot width, to achieve a time of 123.75 minutes per acre, marking a notable 17% improvement over the average market push mower. This high travel speed also grants a significant advantage to the Sprinkler System, which is calculated to cover 1 acre in just 73 minutes and 24 seconds.

The speech recognition is a relevant technology in the way of natural human machine-interaction; in other words, machines are capable of listening and responding to spoken orders. The present paper explains how an efficient and accurate key-word spotting model is developed in command detection. Current approaches are generally limited in generalization and high inference latency, particularly on resource limited settings. To overcome these difficulties, a powerful but lightweight model built on the base of DistilHuBERT, which is a transformer architecture designed to have the shortest possible computational complexity, is suggested. The model uses pretrained embeddings and then it undergoes fine-tuning which is designed to run on the Python platform to help in its development. The dataset used to evaluate is Google Speech Commands v2 which contains more than 105,000 audio samples of 35 predefined commands. The results of the solution are 99.2 percent accurate and the inference latency is significantly reduced to approximately 12 milliseconds. Its small form and operating system allow it to be directly integrated into smart products and speech recognition systems and speech-impaired users access solutions to be responsive and reliable in the domain.

In this work, the green synthesis of SnO 2 -ZnO nanocomposites (SnZn NCs) were developed by using Calotropis gigantea (C.G.) leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The various SnO 2 - ZnO NCs were prepared by altering the mole ratio of SnO 2 and ZnO such as 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40, respectively. The properties of SnO 2 -ZnO NCs were assessed by XRD, FT-IR, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDS, and UV-Vis. DRS analysis. As prepared SnO 2 -ZnO NCs were employed as a photocatalyst for the degradation of Methyl Orange and antibacterial activity. Amongst all NCs, the composition of 70:30 SnZn NCs showed the 99.0 % degradation efficiency against Methyl Orange within 90 min. at 1.5 g/dm 3 catalyst loading. Also, it is found that the individual SnO 2 and ZnO NPs shown 80 and 86 % degradation efficiency of MO respectively. The antibacterial study reveals that SnZn NCs exhibit the better inhibition growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at the microgram extent compared with SnO 2 and ZnO NPs. The Calotropis gigantea was selected as plant extract because of the presence of bioactive elements which assist in the production and stabilization of SnO 2 - ZnO NCs. • A green ZnO-SnO 2 NCs is developed by using Calotropis gigantea plant leaf extract. • SnO 2 -ZnO NCs (70:30) particles size found to be 12 nm confirmed by HR-TEM. • SnO 2 -ZnO-NCs (70:30) exhibited better photodegradation efficiency of MO(99.95 %) than individual SnO 2 and ZnO NPs. • Antibacterial activity of SnZn (70:30) NCs acted as excellent antibacterial against both gram (+ve) and gram (-ve) bacteria.

Abstract A new series of thiophene‐chalcone tethered 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS data. Among them, compound 5d showed 70.16 ± 5% inhibition in the anti‐inflammatory assay, while compound 5i exhibited 79.45 ± 8.85% inhibition in the DPPH antioxidant assay. In molecular docking studies, compound 5d displayed a docking score of −9.830 kcal/mol, forming stable H‐bond and π‐π stacking interactions with COX‐2 (PDB ID: 4COX, 3.0 Å resolution). The results suggest that these thiophene‐chalcone‐triazole hybrids are promising scaffolds for the development of potent COX‐2 inhibitors.

In the search for new active compounds, a small, focused library of novel molecular hybrids of chalcone tethered 1,2,3-triazole derivatives has been effectively synthesized via the click chemistry approach. A total of 17 newly synthesized compounds were validated by using mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the novel compounds were screened against the four bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes and three fungal strains of Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus clavatus. Some of the compound exhibited equipotent antibacterial activity against the standard drug chloramphenicol while rest of the compounds exhibited good to moderate activity against chloramphenicol. The antifungal activity of few compounds having MIC value 250 µg/mL were found to be two-fold more active to the standard drug Griseofulvin, while some with MIC value 500 µg/mL were comparable when compared to Griseofulvin. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were also evaluated for them in silico and ADME properties as well as investigation in molecular modeling could confirm these findings by indicating extremely high binding affinities at the active site of the DNA gyrase, highlighting the scaffold’s potential for future improvement. Thus, it can be concluded that by these findings the novel synthesized chalcone-triazole molecules can be used as a starting point for more potent antimicrobial agents in the future.

Objective: This study reports the efficient catalysis of a three-component reaction involving 5-(substituted phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (IIIa–IIIq), quinoline-2-carbaldehyde, and triethyl phosphite, using zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2) as a catalyst in ethanol under reflux conditions. The reaction yields α-aminophosphonates in good to excellent yields. Notably, the catalyst can be recovered and reused multiple times without significant loss of activity. Methods: A series of diethyl (((5-(substituted phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)(quinolin-2-yl)methyl)phosphonate derivatives (VIa–VIq) was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity against the HCC827 and H1975 human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Results and Discussion: The structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that electron-withdrawing groups on the phenyl ring enhance anticancer activity, while electron-donating groups, the presence of an alkyl chain between the thiadiazole and phenyl rings, and increased steric bulk on the phenyl ring are detrimental to activity. Additionally, due to their low selectivity towards wild-type EGFR (WT-EGFR), the synthesized compounds may exhibit reduced toxicity associated with WT-EGFR inhibition. Compounds (VIe) and (VIf) showed selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and did not display toxicity against normal cells at concentrations up to IC50 >20 μM. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable leads that merit further optimization for the development of improved cancer therapeutics.