Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan

The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in seed dispersal remains understudied despite its critical role in maintaining plant diversity in the tropics. Field studies on this relationship are often confounded by environmental and phylogenetic variations across species richness gradients. We examined how overall avian frugivore species richness at a site influenced the frugivore richness, visitation rates and functional composition of two key effect traits (beak width and hand-wing index) on fruiting trees. Across six sites in tropical Asia, spanning a sevenfold gradient in frugivore species richness but with similar forest types and phylogenetically nested frugivore communities, we recorded 34 014 interactions between 138 avian frugivores and 131 woody plant species. Our results provide some support for the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship, as higher overall frugivore species richness increased the number of frugivore species visiting individual fruiting trees but not the functional composition of frugivores. Seed size had a stronger influence on the frugivore species richness, visitation rates and the beak size of visiting frugivores, highlighting the dominant role of morphological trait matching in influencing plant-frugivore interactions. Our findings suggest functional redundancy in certain aspects of seed dispersal effectiveness due to density compensation and the presence of key seed disperser lineages in species-poor sites.

In recent years, solar water pumping systems (WPS) have been fuel-free and environmentally beneficial because they have gained a lot of attention in the agricultural and industrial sectors. Traditional water pumps consume higher amount of energy which make it as frequently unreliable, low efficiency and needs high maintenance. For WPS applications, Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are far superior options than other induction motors because of their high efficiency, high dependability, and low maintenance needs. Thus, in this research, the major goal is to develop a more efficient, reliable, and maintenance-free solar WPS solution. This paper describes a sensorless control strategy that reduces the need for hall sensors and increases system’s overall reliability. Solar system power is typically impacted by partial shadowing and cannot reach the maximum available power because the traditional perturbed and observe (P&O) algorithm fails. This paper integrates the modified P&O (MP&O) algorithm with an improved mayfly optimization (IMO) name called IMO-MP&O to address these issues by efficiently extracts the maximum power from solar. From the results, it clearly shows that IMO-MP&O achieved higher efficiency of 99.58% than the existing P&O MPPT which is analyzed the MATLAB sim-power-system toolboxes.

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