Birkenhead Sixth Form College

<p>This report explores the application of formation flight theory to reduce the power required for the CREATeV solar-powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) during continuous banked fight. Biot-Savart law was used to compute the induced velocities at points in the frame of the aircraft fight path, and to use the values to calculate the average induced velocities encountered by aircraft at specified points over that frame. Models, and visual simulations were used to predict the amount of power that could hypothetically be saved.</p> <p>Results indicate that optimal positioning within the wake can lead to considerable reductions in power requirements, extending the fight time with an increased efficiency. This study not only confirms the viability of using formation fight theory for a single aircraft’s continuous banked fight, but also reveals potential promising areas of further study.</p>

Aims and ObjectivesEnglish language skill is an indicator of health status in the UK. Evidence suggests that people requiring translation services are often excluded from research, therefore contributing to already existing health inequalities within the country. Data on the exclusion of people requiring translation services in paediatric emergency medicine (PEM) research is scarce. This review aims to gain insight on whether people requiring translation services are being excluded from PEM research, and to explore the barriers to inclusion faced by researchers.Method and DesignStructured review of PEM studies published in three major journals between 2016-2021. Journals reviewed were Archives of Disease in Childhood, BMJ Emergency Medicine, and the Lancet Adolescent and Child Health; as well as published studies by the Paediatric Emergency Research in the UK and Ireland (PERUKI) Network. Studies were included if they were carried out in a PEM setting and required consent from participants. An electronic survey was then sent to corresponding authors of the included studies.Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to provide information about variables. Free text survey responses were reviewed for common themes.Results and Conclusion1687 articles were found initially; 18 met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies (44.4%) reported exclusion of people requiring translation services. Nine studies (50%) made no mention of whether people requiring translation services were included or excluded in the study. 11 out of 18 survey responses were received. The key themes to exclusionary practice identified were oversight, access to adequate translation services (including cost implications), and lack of guidance.English language proficiency was reported to be a reason for exclusion from participation in PEM research. Various challenges to inclusive practice regarding language in PEM research were identified. These challenges require further exploration to inform the development of guidance and strategies; ultimately leading to better inclusion of people requiring translation services in PEM research.ReferencesJill Roberts Public Health England. Local action on health inequalities. Improving health literacy to reduce health inequalities. Practice resource summary: September 2015 [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/460710/4b_Health_Literacy-Briefing.pdfFrayne SM, Burns RB, Hardt EJ, Rosen AK, Moskowitz MA. The exclusion of non-english-speaking persons from research. J Gen Intern Med. 1996 Jan;11(1):39–43.Brodeur M, Herrick J, Guardioloa J, Richman P. Exclusion of non-english speakers in published emergency medicine research - a comparison of 2004 and 2014. Acta Inform Medica. 2017;25(2):112.Murray S, Buller AM. Exclusion on grounds of language ability – a reporting gap in health services research? J Health Serv Res Policy. 2007 Oct 1;12(4):205–8.Egleston BL, Pedraza O, Wong YN, Dunbrack RL, Griffin CL, Ross EA, et al. Characteristics of clinical trials that require participants to be fluent in English. Clin Trials. 2015 Dec;12(6):618–26.

The deterioration of transformer insulation materials results in the formation of gases and oxidation products. The main gases are hydrogen, hydrocarbons and carbon oxides. The gases are dissolved in the transformer oil and they are periodically measured for transformer health assessment, which is known as Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). In this paper, a study was performed to determine the influence of the transformer service age on the DGA trends. Around 40,000 DGA data samples from 672 in-service transmission power transformers, from new transformers up to 63 years in service in the UK, were used in this study. The 50th, 75th and 90th percentile values of gas level were computed for each gas in ppm at every service age in years to understand the central tendency of gassing trends along with the service age. In this analysis, three trend patterns were observed. Firstly, hydrogen values are independent of the service age. Secondly, methane, ethane and ethylene tend to stay constant up to around 50 years, before increasing noticeably. Finally, carbon oxides increase gradually with a decremental rate. These observations provide insights into incorporating transformer age in substantiating DGA based condition assessment.

The British Society of Gastroenterology has recommended the Edinburgh Dysphagia Score (EDS) to risk-stratify dysphagia referrals during the endoscopy COVID recovery phase. External validation of the diagnostic accuracy of EDS and exploration of potential changes to improve its diagnostic performance. A prospective multicentre study of consecutive patients referred with dysphagia on an urgent suspected upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer pathway between May 2020 and February 2021. The sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of EDS were calculated. Variables associated with UGI cancer were identified by forward stepwise logistic regression and a modified Cancer Dysphagia Score (CDS) developed. 1301 patients were included from 19 endoscopy providers; 43% male; median age 62 (IQR 51-73) years. 91 (7%) UGI cancers were diagnosed, including 80 oesophageal, 10 gastric and one duodenal cancer. An EDS ≥3.5 had a sensitivity of 96.7 (95% CI 90.7-99.3)% and an NPV of 99.3 (97.8-99.8)%. Age, male sex, progressive dysphagia and unintentional weight loss >3kg were positively associated and acid reflux and localisation to the neck were negatively associated with UGI cancer. Dysphagia duration <6months utilised in EDS was replaced with progressive dysphagia in CDS. CDS ≥5.5 had a sensitivity of 97.8 (92.3-99.7)% and NPV of 99.5 (98.1-99.9)%. Area under receiver operating curve was 0.83 for CDS, compared to 0.81 for EDS. In a national cohort, the EDS has high sensitivity and NPV as a triage tool for UGI cancer. The CDS offers even higher diagnostic accuracy. The EDS or CDS should be incorporated into the urgent suspected UGI cancer pathway.

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Abstract Samples representing the range of whale‐meat meals most often used in this country were examined in the laboratory to assess the variation of their composition. Besides the normal analytical figures required by the Fertiliser &amp; Feeding Stuffs Regulations, the albuminoid protein, as given by copper precipitation, rate of digestion of protein with pepsin, and some of the members of the vitamin‐B group were also determined.Although no official method of grading exists, the whaling companies and merchants designate whale‐meat meals with protein content from 80 to 85% as Grade A, those containing from 40 to 65% of protein as Grade B, and meals derived mostly from bone as Grade C.The albuminoid nitrogen was as high as 97.2% of the total crude nitrogen in Grade‐A meals, as was the rate of digestion with pepsin. Where high ash contents occurred, as in Grade‐B and Grade‐C meals, however, both these figures were substantially lower.The results obtained for vitamins of the vitamin‐B group indicated that a wider variation in potency existed than had previously been suspected; one case of Grade‐A whale‐meat meal had a nicotinic acid content as high as 171 μ./g., but a sample of Grade C contained only 15 μ./g.Whale‐meat meals are accepted as a valuable source of nutrients to livestock, but grading and quality are important factors to be considered in their selection.