Boeing (Germany)

The rapidly expanding adoption of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for various applications warrants increasing importance of the adequate handling of off-nominal flight conditions. Strategies for contingency management have been explored in previous studies and have been identified as a necessary component in unmanned air traffic management (UTM). However, the integration of comprehensive contingency measures into the tactical management of UAS flights has not been widely addressed so far. This paper presents a reference implementation architecture based on deterministic and automated decision-making. The architecture contributes towards ensuring the operational safety of UAS missions and lays the foundation of a modular flight management framework which is able to handle multiple hazard scenarios with different levels of automation. Following a risk-based approach and considering the ongoing development of technologies that support contingency management in an UTM environment, a concept of operations is developed. In order to cover a wide range of off-nominal scenarios and to ensure seamless flow of information, a functional analysis of the system design and interfaces is performed. Moreover, an initial model of quantitative risk assessment is incorporated in the decision-making process to facilitate the resolution of contingency scenarios. Functional requirements are then formulated for a real-time onboard implementation and used for the design of the reference architecture. The requirements are refined through expert consultation and the novel advanced capabilities of the decision-making process are implemented in the open-source autopilot and flight stack $\pmb{PX}\mathit{4}$ . The contingency management implementation is then tested using a real-time physics simulation environment. In particular, the suitability of a contingency procedure for landing on safe zones is evaluated through the simulation of an use case representing realistic operations in complex environments. Consideration of available UAS capabilities is identified as a key requirement in the development process of contingency management strategies. The results show that the reference architecture is technically feasible and suitable for further implementation of operational procedures towards fully autonomous contingency management.

Abstract Emergent behaviors exist in biological systems, physical systems and human performance. Little is currently known about constructing an interoperable network of systems and the incorporation of known emergent behaviors. Definitions of emergence are introduced. The four principles of emergence are outlined and discussed. Conceptual agent‐based modeling is discussed to illustrate possible modeling approaches for identifying and assessing emergent behaviors according to the emergent principles. The agent‐based simulation will be the inputs to system‐of‐systems (SoS) architectural models. Neural network artificial intelligence may be needed to assist our understanding of the emergent behaviors during operations of SoS and the associated system architecture model development. It is recommended that the integration of agent‐based simulation and neural network methods with SysML be considered.

Abstract This paper examines the System Engineering processes/applications transforming from being document‐centric to being model‐centric by examining the benefits and uses of the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). This paper will look at the concept behind SysML and provide a background on existing research to address the Unified Modeling Language (UML) Systems Engineering request for proposal to generate SysML. This paper will identify benefits of using SysML in the Systems Engineering process and makes a recommendation for its use in large scale integration projects and complex hardware and software designs.

Abstract Today, organizations increasingly place value on individuals who not only can adapt, but also can learn quickly—indeed, who can ‘learn how to learn‘. The recognition of mentoring as an important transfer mechanism for knowledge within organizations has grown significantly in the past couple of decades. Mentoring has become a prime tool for individual survival and professional development. As a professional development strategy, mentoring is a process whereby a more experienced employee (mentor) serves as a role model, provides support, direction, and feedback to the less experienced employee (mentee) regarding career plans and interpersonal development, helps develop specific skills and knowledge that will enhance the mentee's professional and personal growth; and increases the visibility of the mentee to decision makers in the organization who may influence career opportunities. Today, mentoring is being used by many organizations to seek a competitive advantage in a global marketplace.

Symptoms, Effects on Quality of Life, Judgement and Expectations of Treatment in Active Ankylosing Spondylitis: The Patient's View.In ankylosing spondylitis uncertainty prevails among rheumatologists on how to define and measure activity. In the present study the patient's view of activity was evaluated. What does active ankylosing spondylitis mean for the patient? In a standardized interview the patient was asked to describe, from his own experience, what active ankylosing spondylitis means, what bothers him most, what helps most, and what he expects from therapy. For the patient, active ankylosing spondylitis means pain (99 responses), mobility restriction (19), muscle tension (10), inability to stay supine (6), restriction in chest mobility (5) and dyspnea (5). Fatigue was mentioned by two patients. In active states patients are mainly bothered by pain (77), mobility restriction (55), consequences for social life (20) and work (18), disturbed sleep (17) and difficult breathing (16). Drugs (84) and physical activity (42) were judged the best treatments during active ankylosing spondylitis. It was no surprise that pain and mobility restriction were cited most often by the patients. Breathing difficulties were cited rather often, whereas fatigue seems not to play an important role for most patients. The results suggest that modern rheumatology may have underestimated the relevance of difficult breathing and paid too much attention to fatigue.

Abstract The International Space Station (ISS) Program Master Integration and Verification Plan (PMI&VP) requires that the systems engineering verification team establish and implement an integrated verification measurement program. This paper captures the knowledge and experience acquired through the International Space Station systems engineering efforts to develop, implement, and report a detailed set of integrated stage verification planning and closure metrics. The information and lessons learned, contained in this paper, may provide insight, direction, and a starting point for other large engineering organizations seeking to institute a measurement program.

ABSTRACTSystems Engineering has become a recognized engineering discipline in the developed countries and is widely applied to both military and commercial development programs. Not so well known, however, are the efforts to establish this discipline in developing nations. Several countries in South East Asia are investing in high technology manufacturing, including original design capabilities for turbine‐powered aircraft. The engineering departments of these new ventures are staffed with bright young graduates of local or western universities. However, systems engineering is generally a new concept to engineers with traditional aerodynamics, structures and electrical training.This paper describes the introduction of systems engineering as a discipline at the national aerospace endeavor of Indonesia. The initial situation is described, followed by the steps taken to establish a systems engineering capability, resulting in a successful first flight of the prototype aircraft, the N250. The importance of management support and adaptation to local cultural values are stressed. Lessons learned have application not only to systems engineering within developing nations, but for the established technology leaders as well.