Bolyai Foundation

In the context of the Liberal International Order crisis amplified bythe Trump Administration’s America First doctrine and a retreat ofmultilateralism, President Macron was emboldened to carry further hisvision for a Sovereign Europe (Europe-Puissance) capable of ensuringits own strategic autonomy and acting as an independent actor onthe international stage. However, President Macron faces the task ofarticulating a coherent way of achieving this goal, especially givingGermany’s reluctance to accept any changes in the postwar defensestatus quo, and East-Central European anxieties regarding a possibleRussian rapprochement pursued by the French president. Early inhis presidency, Macron proposed his Grand Design for a concentricand multi-speed Europe with different stages of integration, anddifferent levels of functioning, a plan which was met with a degree ofunwillingness from East-Central European capitals.

In this study, the effects of three different extraction methods on the antioxidant capacity, phenolic component, volatile organic molecule, and amino acid contents in the leaves of the Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) were compared. The amino acid contents were evaluated via liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis. In gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, loliolide and phytol molecules were detected in moringa leaves. Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, hesperidin, hyperoside, quercetin, kaempferol were found in high amounts in moringa leaves by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Tyrosine, glutamic acid, alanine, tryptophan, and L-theanine amino acids were determined by HPLC-DAD analysis. Microstructures images of three extracts were shown with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Element content and mapping were demonstrated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). It was found that the best extraction method is MDAE when compared to UBAE and HAE.

The regulations of the economic competition agreement were introduced by the 20th Act of 1931 after the economic crisis attention to the cartel regulations in Europe in the interwar period. We can realize that the regulation of the unfair business completion has a long codification history which started in the period of the Dualism. Before the end of dualism the Hungary regulated some question related to the cartels special attention to the circulation of commodities. In my presentation, I aim to describe the Hungarian and European codification antecedents and steps (for example: the regulation of industry) of the first Hungarian Cartel Act. This codification process was very important in Hungarian economy and social life because the economic changes started processes in both the field of legal life and legal sciences, and as a result of this, a demand arose to legally codify any rules in connection to cartels. The foundations of these were found in private law, especially in the regulations of the commercial law, which could be further elaborated upon and lead to a development of the regulations on the annulment of contracts in connection to dishonourable business competition.