Bost University

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary tryptophan (Trp) on growth performance and muscle quality of Procambarus clarkii. Six experimental diets with graded Trp concentrations (0.05%, 0.13%, 0.29%, 0.43%, 0.56%, 0.69%; designated Trp0.05 to Trp0.69) were fed to crayfish for 8 weeks. Growth parameters, muscle proximate composition, texture, histology, related gene expression, and intestinal microbiota were measured. Compared with the Trp0.05 group, the Trp0.43 group significantly increased FW, WGR, SGR, and muscle crude protein content, while decreasing FCR. It also improved muscle texture (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness), increased muscle fiber diameter, and reduced fiber density and the proportion of fibers < 30 μm. Additionally, the Trp0.43 group upregulated mRNA expression of MEF2A, MEF2B, MLC1, MyHC, mTOR, S6K1, AKT, LARP6, Col1α1, Col1α2, TGF-β1, and Smad, and downregulated MSTN, 4EBP1, FOXO, and LC3. It reduced Proteobacteria and Shewanella abundance, and increased Bacteroidota and Firmicutes. In conclusion, appropriate dietary Trp improves P. clarkii growth, muscle quality, and intestinal microbiota. Based on quadratic regression analysis of WGR and SGR, the dietary Trp requirement of P. clarkii was estimated to be 0.39%, corresponding to 1.22% of feed protein.

In the field of geometric function theory, we use the ( p , q )‐differential operator in the complex unit disk to describe a novel class of symmetrical starlike functions of order η . Several interesting properties of functions belonging to the class are examined, such as growth, distortion, and convolution characteristics.

Achieving the Sustainable Development goal 6 (SDG 6) remains a significant challenge, especially in developing countries where limitation of resources, inadequate infrastructures and environmental pressures are widespread. This review paper examines the studies published between 2010-2024 to focus on key challenges that prevent the progress towards SDG 6, including insufficient infrastructure, climate change impacts, rapid growth of Urbanization, low public awareness regarding the SDGs, and limited financial funds available. The findings of this paper show that funding gaps and insufficient infrastructures remain a great challenge particularly in low-income countries, where access to clean water and sanitation is crucially low, funding gaps in developing countries further hinder the progress of SDG 6. Climate change exacerbates water scarcity, and the water quality is degraded through climate impacted pollution, extreme weather events and pressure on groundwater resources. Further water resources are reduced due to the impact of urbanization through reduced ground water recharge, increasing demand, and deteriorating pollution, particularly in rapidly growing cities and urban slums, Moreover, low levels of public awareness and reluctance to support sustainable water management practices hinder community engagement, which is essential for achieving SDG 6 goals. The paper concludes with a call for action, urging policymakers and stakeholders to implement sustainable solutions, promote cross-sector collaboration, and prioritize investments in water and sanitation infrastructure. Only through comprehensive and coordinated efforts can equitably access to clean water and sanitation become a global reality.

Agriculture is a major contributor to the national economy and food security of developing countries especially in Afghanistan. Wheat is a crucial crop for ensuring food security. It is among the most significant crops grown in Afghanistan. It is the leading source of carbohydrates for humans. To fine the effect of fertilizer especially (P) on enhancing this crop productivity, the study was conducted at the agricultural research farm of agriculture faculty of Kabul University over two years (March 17, 2020, and March 4, 2021). The experimental design was a simple randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications and five phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg P ha-1) and a constant dose of 120 kg N ha-1. Each sub-plot measured 3m x 2m. The row spacing was maintained at 30 cm, and the Maqawim-09 wheat variety was sown at a seed rate of 140 kg ha-1. Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) was used as the phosphorus source and urea for nitrogen. Agronomical practices were uniform across all plots. Data were collected on various parameters during the study, including plant height (cm), stem number per m2, leaf number per plant, spike number per m2, spike length (cm), grain number per spike, spikelet number per spike, grain number per spikelet, grain yield (ton/ha), thousand grain weight, and dry matter (ton/ha). The results indicated that applying phosphorus in the form of DAP at a rate of 90 kg ha-1, along with 120 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, significantly improved the growth and productivity of the Maqawim-09 wheat variety. All parameters were significantly affected by the phosphorus rates. Thus, it is recommended that phosphorus in the form of DAP at a rate of 90 kg ha-1 and nitrogen in the form of urea at a rate of 120 kg ha-1 should be applied to maximize wheat crop yield.

This research has investigated the Service Quality Determinants of (DHBS) Electric Company on Customers Satisfaction. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, data was collected from (94) customers using questionnaires. Customers have been selected based on convenience sampling method for data collection. The data collected from the customers has been analyzed with SPSS Computer Program. The results of the research show that all variables of service quality such as Reliability have a negative average relationship with customer satisfaction, Assurance has a positive average relationship with customer satisfaction, and Tangibility has a positive average relationship with customer satisfaction. There is an average relationship, Empathy has an average relationship with customer satisfaction, and Responsiveness has an average negative relationship with customer satisfaction. The results of the research have shown that customer satisfaction was high in the service quality dimensions of (Empathy), and on the contrary reliability and responsiveness were the least.

The field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different fertilizers sources such as animal manure (AM), Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of Mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) during 2019 The applied levels of mentioned sources were (0, 30 ton ha­1), (0, 25 & 50 N kg ha-1) and 0, 50 & 70 P kg­ ha­-1) respectively. The experiment was laid out at the research farm of, Badghis University in factorial split-plot design (SPD) with 3 replications. Each replication consisted of (18) plots with (2m x 2m) size. Animal manure was applied to the main plots while, N and P fertilizers were applied to the subplots of the experiment. The results revealed that, animal manure significantly affected all characteristics of Mungbean except total dry matter, yield, and harvest index. The Interactive effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers was found significant for all characteristics of Mungbean, while the interactive effect of AM x N and AM x P was found non-significant for recorded parameters.

The right to education is one of the fundamental rights of children. It is phrased within the UN CRC, ALPCR (A Law on Protection of Child’s Rights), and other universal documents. However, the legal system of Afghanistan articulated the right later than the UN CRC; they included the right in a comprehensive manner which is necessary for the development of children. In addition, the right to education is documented not only within the two documents but it is guaranteed within other universal legal documents too. Moreover, the right to education for children is a significant issue, since children cannot fight for their rights by themselves. So, it is crucial to lay down provisions for the protection of children’s rights, especially the right to education. Furthermore, this paper compares the right to education of children, particularly within two documents, CRC and ALPCR. The paper has been written in the analytical-comparative method. Ultimately, it is concluded that ALPCR has comprehensive principles regarding the right to education of children in contrast with the general principles of the UN CRC.