British Neuroscience Association

All mediation processes are constrained by their theoretical frameworks. A wider ecosystemic framework extends perspectives and can open new windows on family systems, interdisciplinary connections, and links between past, present, and future that shape decisions. While showing some similarities to family therapy, ecosystemic family mediation is a discrete process with clearly defined principles and boundaries. In practice, it needs to be tailored to the needs of the particular family, with special attention to the importance of listening and talking with children who are experiencing parental separation and major changes in their lives. Family mediators help family members to manage change. Mediators need to look for change within themselves too, remaining open to new ideas and the development of their thinking and practice.

Laboratory studies have shown than neonicotinoid insecticides can cause sub-lethal effects on bees. Field studies are needed to determine whether these effects also occur when bees forage on flowering crops grown from neonicotinoid-treated seeds. However, for many reasons the results of field experiments may be inconsistent. For example, neonicotinoid residues in crop nectar and pollen and the availability of alternative nectar and pollen sources vary. In addition to these practical difficulties, different field experiment designs, especially different controls, address different questions. Most field studies on neonicotinoids have compared the performance of colonies adjacent to a bee-attractive crop grown from treated seeds with control colonies adjacent to the same crop grown from untreated seeds. This makes it possible to determine the cost, C, of any insecticide residues but not the overall effect of the crop, B – C, which includes any benefits, B, of the additional pollen and nectar. An alternative and rarely used design, only 1 of the 12 field studies reviewed, determines the overall effect of the crop by siting control colonies out of foraging range of the crop but in the same landscape. This design may be more relevant because bee-attractive crops, such as oilseed rape, are normally grown as alternatives to arable crops that do not provide bee forage, such as wheat and barley. As a result, it is possible that B – C > 0 (or B – C = 0) even if C > 0. The challenges and merits of alternative experimental designs are discussed in relation to practical considerations and policy making.Determinación de los efectos de los insecticidas neonicotinoides en el rendimiento de las colonias de abejas en el campo: ¿qué prueban los diferentes diseños experimentales?Estudios de laboratorio han demostrado que los insecticidas neonicotinoides pueden causar efectos subletales en las abejas. Se necesitan estudios de campo para determinar si estos efectos también se producen cuando las abejas se alimentan de los cultivos en flor que crecen a partir de semillas tratadas con neonicotinoides. Sin embargo, por muchas razones los resultados de los experimentos de campo pueden ser inconsistentes. Por ejemplo, los residuos de neonicotinoides en el néctar y el polen de los cultivos y la disponibilidad de fuentes alternativas de néctar y polen varían. Además de estas dificultades prácticas, diferentes diseños de experimentos de campo, especialmente diferentes controles, abordan diferentes cuestiones. La mayoría de los estudios de campo sobre los neonicotinoides han comparado el rendimiento de las colonias adyacentes a un cultivo atractivo para las abejas cultivado a partir de semillas tratadas con colonias de control adyacentes al mismo cultivo cultivado a partir de semillas no tratadas. Esto permite determinar el coste, C, de cualquier residuo de insecticida, pero no el efecto global del cultivo, B–C, que incluye cualquier beneficio, B, del polen y néctar adicionales. Un diseño alternativo y raramente utilizado, sólo en 1 de los 12 estudios de campo revisados, determina el efecto general del cultivo al situar las colonias de control fuera del rango de alimentación del cultivo pero en el mismo paisaje. Este diseño puede ser más relevante porque los cultivos atractivos para las abejas, como la colza, se cultivan normalmente como alternativas a los cultivos herbáceos que no proporcionan forraje a las abejas, como el trigo y la cebada. Como resultado, es posible que B−C > 0 (o B−C = 0) incluso si C > 0. Los desafíos y los méritos de los diseños experimentales alternativos se discuten en relación con las consideraciones prácticas y la formulación de políticas.

特 集 総 説 Review

This is the first of two ground‐breaking articles set to challenge the training community with a call to action written by Dr Richard Hale, a leading proponent of action learning. Here he argues that the time has come to shatter the myths that have emerged based upon the propositions of Donald Kirkpatrick some 43 years ago. Learning should be seen as the responsibility of the learner not the trainer. Proving learning should be integral to the process of learning not based on before and after statistics. This is based on Richard Hale’s own learning from action with international organisations through the International Management Centres Association.

The action of soap and alkali and of alkali alone in removing dirt from naturally soiled fibres has been studied microscopically. The concentrations usually employed were those commonly used in laundering. Cinematography facilitated the observation of some of the effects. The most common methods of fatty-dirt removal involved emulsification and rolling up: complex-formation was less common. Most of the phenomena originally observed with artificial systems also occurred with these natural ones.

It has been shown that uneven exposure of loom-state cellulose acetate fabrics to moisture condensation or to light causes weathering, which is revealed as a lustre defect after delustring. Condensation weathering has been investigated in detail and practical methods of avoiding or remedying it have been considered.

(1949). Some Observations on the Influence of Fabric Structure on Felting. Journal of the Textile Institute Transactions: Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. T733-T734.