Budge Budge Institute of Technology

This particular research aims to assess the potential of waste Egg-shell powder and lime for stabilizing clayey soil. For increasing soil strength and reducing cost of soil improvement some laboratory tests were performed to judge whether the Egg-shell powder is capable enough to replace the traditional material lime. The acquired results clearly indicated that treated soil mixes give higher strength values than untreated soil mixes. It is decided to introduce Egg-shell powder in quantities of 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.25% and 3% of soil weight. For environment friendly, cost economic and working purposes, it is found that 28% of lime can be replaced completely by Egg-shell powder for gaining much better strength characteristics of soil, though 55% of the lime can be replaced with Egg-shell powder for soil stabilization.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) represents a major public health concern in India, affecting mostly women of reproductive age due to increased iron demands throughout their reproductive life. However, specific erythrocyte morphology and its possible consequences in this population remain unexplored. This study systematically examined erythrocyte abnormalities in reproductive-age women with IDA. Twenty-five women diagnosed with IDA and 25 age-matched healthy women were recruited. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and spectrophotometry were used in this study. Patients with IDA showed significant counts of elliptocytes, microcytes, stomatocytes, and spherocytes, which were negatively correlated with hemoglobin concentration. Serum iron and total iron binding capacity were strongly correlated with microcytes and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. AFM revealed a notable presence of disrupted membrane topology and roughness in IDA patients. Redox balance assessed by ferric reducing antioxidant power of plasma and intracellular ROS levels was significantly impaired. IDA erythrocytes also showed increased intracellular Ca2⁺ and phosphatidyl serine externalization. Patients with IDA exhibited not only significant hematologic impairment but also morphologically altered erythrocytes and redox imbalance, which could promote eryptosis.

Automated classification of oral conditions is crucial in supporting clinical diagnosis and treatment, especially in resource-constrained environments. Our work presents a deep learning-based approach for the multi-class classification of seven clinically relevant oral conditions - canker sore, cold sore, gum disease, mucocele, oral cancer, oral lichen planus and oral thrush - using photographic images, a task not previously addressed in the literature. A dataset with 3086 training images, 1027 validation images and 1028 test images was obtained from the Kaggle website. Data preprocessing was done by rescaling the images, thus normalizing the pixel values. Data augmentation was also performed to increase the size and diversity of the training dataset. Three pre-trained CNN-based architectures - VGG16, VGG19 and ResNet50 - were applied to the preprocessed and augmented image dataset through transfer learning approach. The VGG16 model achieved the highest performance, giving an accuracy of 88.13%, followed by the ResNet50 model which gave an accuracy of 83.85%. The VGG19 model achieved the lowest performance, giving an accuracy of 80.35%. These results demonstrate the potential of CNN-based deep learning in aiding clinical diagnosis and decision-making.

Social media has become a dynamic space for public discourse, including in Indonesia. Instagram, particularly official accounts such as @PSSI, is often used by netizens to express opinions, criticism, and support related to national football issues. This phenomenon reflects the complexity of digital communication, which is rich in social values and linguistic politeness. This study aims to identify the forms of linguistic politeness employed by netizens in the comment section of the official Instagram account @PSSI. The research adopts a pragmatic approach, referring to Leech’s politeness maxims, which include the maxims of tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, and sympathy. This qualitative descriptive study utilizes documentation and note-taking techniques on relevant user comments collected between February and June 2025. The analysis reveals that netizens continue to apply various politeness maxims in conveying criticism, support, and expressions of solidarity in a respectful manner. These comments demonstrate ethical communication strategies, including motivation, advice, sympathy, and collective appeals. The findings affirm that the digital space, despite its vulnerability to negative speech, can serve as a platform for constructive and civil expression. This research contributes to the development of pragmatic studies and offers practical insights for public institutions in managing social media communication.

Since 2019, the world's primary focus has been shifted towards the new virus, i.e., coronavirus. So, on a priority basis, the global interest shifts increasingly to fighting a battle against this pandemic, but what about other infectious diseases like malaria? In regions with limited resources (Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia), malaria remains a significant health threat, transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Approximately 6,08,000 deaths were associated with malaria in 2022, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The severity of malaria depends upon the various stages of the malarial parasite life cycle (Transmission to humans, Exoerythrocytic Stage, Erythrocytic Stage, and Gametocyte Stage). Symptoms that appear within 7-10 days after a mosquito bite include discomfort, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle pain. Today, to make and confirm the diagnosis of malaria, a variety of direct and indirect methods are used, which take us towards the early identification and prevention of disease. Healthy collaborations between pharmacological and non-pharmacological fields are essential to developing malaria therapeutic strategies, with artificial intelligence also playing a supportive role. Meanwhile, WHO launched Global Technical Strategy 2016- 2030 for Malaria eradication, which serves as a crucial framework guiding efforts to control and eliminate the disease. This study targets the historical roots of malaria, pathophysiological grounds, advancements in diagnostics and new treatment regimens, and adherence to government guidelines. Additionally, it also focuses on the scenario of India for the upliftment of Malaria Eradication Programme.

INTRODUCTION: Automation developments have significantly increased general convenience in modern technology. Our study focuses on developing and deploying an Internet of Things (IoT)–enabled smart home automation system that maximizes energy efficiency and improves convenience in residential settings. Our technology provides homes with an intelligent environment by smoothly combining several sensors, actuators, and communication protocols. We explore the challenges of creating a reliable and useful smart home systemthat works well in everyday situations. We investigate the difficulties, architectural issues, communication protocols, and security features specific to these systems.OBJECTIVES: This project aims to use a database server and Wi-Fi module to develop an effective and reasonably priced smart home automation system. It improves accessibility and convenience by enabling smartphone voice control of household appliances.METHODS: This project was developed using various implementation techniques, including wireless home automation via GSM technology, speech recognition-based systems, Blynk, and the Internet of Things. These techniques added up to a reliable and effective smart home system.RESULTS: Although it improved user routines, the IoT-based smart home system had latency problems. Interoperability issues are still present. Improvements were guided by user input. Using Blynk, our software manages loads remotely. CONCLUSION: A home automation system that is inexpensive and locally supplied can effectively operate household appliances. It is adaptable, scalable, and a component of future smart homes. IoT applications in real life revolutionize convenience and efficiency in living environments.

Abstract The COVID-19 has affected millions of people across the world and worsened the socio-economic conditions that have sound reasons to discuss about the impact of COVID-19 on the progress of achieving the target level of sustainable development. The stagflation due to COVID-19 has a possibility to push a large section of population back under the critical level of income. The economic restriction and lockdown has impacted on the supply of food and essential requirements for decent living. The health services and education have been jeopardised. So the possible impact to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of no poverty (SDG1), zero hunger (SDG2), good health and wellbeing (SDG3), education (SDG4), decent work and economic growth (SDG8), income inequality (SDG10) are examined in this chapter. This chapter also discusses about the proper implementation and stress on SDGs as the possible instruments on the way out of recession. Difference-in-difference analysis is used to explain the impact of COVID-19 with the data in global context in respect of before COVID and after COVID.

This paper presents a framework of single node to multi-node underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) link by utilizing reflector optics and beam splitters to generate steerable multiple laser beams. The proposed model outperforms the traditional system by minimizing the geometric loss and eliminating the need for a strict line-of-sight view. An analytical model of the proposed system is developed to study the impact of the system specific and nonspecific losses on the performance metric in terms of the received signal quality factor (Q). Furthermore, a relay-assisted single input and multiple output (SIMO) UWOC system is presented that introduces a scenario where optical relay node is incorporated to mitigate optical attenuation and overcome obstructed line-of-sight challenges in UWOC communication. The analytical analysis along with the MATLAB and Optisystem based simulations envisage that the implementation of SIMO UWOC link with relay and without relay demonstrates 44% and 20% decrement in geometric loss as compared to UWOC link with single transmitter and receiver node. Based on the simulation results, it is concluded that the proposed system facilitates the information broadcasting at a data rate of 1 Gbps to multiple receivers using laser beam communication across a vertical depth of 120 m.