Canadian Sleep Society

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with pain-related disabilities among First Nations people living off-reserve in Canada in 2017. Secondary analysis of the 2017 Aboriginal Peoples Survey, a cross-sectional survey of individuals living in private dwellings throughout Canada. First Nations people living off-reserve aged 15 years and older (n=9115; weighted n=482 066). Pain-related disabilities, defined as pain-related activity limitations lasting ≥6 months. Overall, 22.1% (95% CI 20.9% to 23.4%) of First Nations people living off-reserve reported pain-related disabilities. Prevalence was higher among females (26.1%; 95% CI (24.3% to 28.0%)), increased with age (34.3%; 95% CI (30.3% to 38.5%) among those 45 to 54 years) and was similar across geographic areas (ranging from 21.0%; 95% CI (18.3% to 23.9%) to 22.5%; 95% CI (20.8% to 24.2%)). Pain-related disabilities increased with the number of coexisting disabilities (96.2%; 95% CI (94.3% to 97.5%) among those with >3 disabilities) and was highest among those reporting physical disabilities (ranging from 88.2%; 95% CI (85.6% to 90.4%) for those with mobility disabilities to 91.0%; 95% CI (88.6% to 92.9%) for those with disability related to flexibility). Regression models suggested that individuals with unmet basic needs, housing dissatisfaction, unmet healthcare needs, a history of mental health consultations, part-time or no employment, chronic conditions, residential school attendance or a low sense of belonging were more likely to report pain-related disabilities. Pain-related disabilities are common among First Nations people living off-reserve, and their aetiology may be multifactorial. Continued collaboration with Indigenous partners is required to contextualise findings and to inform culturally responsive clinical and rehabilitation strategies.

Early in this book, we transition to the use of FreeRTOS. Doing so offers a number of advantages, mainly because the programming becomes much simpler and offers greater reliability as a result.

In this chapter, you’re going to use the libopencm3 library to build a blink program from source code. This example program demonstrates the configuration and use of GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output). The program presented is a slightly modified version of a libopencm3 example program named miniblink. It has been modified to provide a different timing so that it will be obvious that your newly flashed code is the one executing. After building and running this program, we’ll discuss the GPIO API (Application Programming Interface) that is provided by libopencm3.

The STM32 family has a complex array of options available for operating timers. The STM32F103 has general-purpose timers TIM2, 3, 4, and 5 and then advanced timers TIM1 and TIM8. The general-purpose timers have plenty of features so you won’t need to reach for the advanced ones.

The Blue Pill PCB provides one GPIO-controlled LED to communicate by. Needless to say, this would be limiting if it were all you had. Perhaps the best early-development peripheral to pursue for communication is the USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter).

This study examines the translation of ethnonyms in Inuit Bible translations. An overview of the meanings associated with the concept of ethnicity is provided, followed by an introduction to Inuit languages and the history of Inuit Bible translation. Inuit translations of seven Bible passages containing ethnonyms are analyzed and evaluated. Recommendations are given which can benefit translation teams who are considering how best to express the meanings associated with some ethnonyms in the Bible.

Anthropogenically induced arrested succession is a global problem in forest ecosystems. In northern Michigan (U.S.A.), oil development has arrested succession in forest landscapes since the 1970s and oil well pads have not reforested up to 30 years after being vacated. To explore pathways for reforestation, we evaluated survivorship and growth of northern red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Q. alba), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and red pine (P. resinosa) at monthly intervals during growing seasons from 2015 to 2019 on pads, which had been vacated 9–34 years prior to the initiation of our study. We planted trees in four soil surface treatments—experimental control (planting only, no treatment), disking, fertilization, and disking with fertilization. While monitoring survivorship and growth of planted trees, we concurrently examined natural reforestation in untreated control areas on each pad and differences between soil characteristics of pads and surrounding forests. Pinus resinosa displayed highest overall survivorship regardless of treatment, but maximum survivorship in disked soils and experimental control areas. Other species had highest survivorship in disked soils. There was no significant reforestation in untreated control areas during the 5‐year study period. Pads had higher levels of Bray P, Ca, and Mg, but lower levels of Fe, organic matter, and moisture than forest soils. Concentrations of toxic chemicals associated with drilling activities were not different between pad and forest soils or, if different, within acceptable levels for plant growth. In reforesting well pads, restorationists should plant P. resinosa in disked soil to achieve highest tree survivorship and density.