Cascade (United States)

ContextCH 4 emissions account for ~30% of global warming [1], and natural sources may increase [2].Technologies for oxidizing atmospheric CH 4 , area CH 4 emissions, and unavoidable point sources could substantially mitigate climate change.While CH 4 above ~44,000 ppm can be flared, lower concentrations require catalyzed oxidation.However, ~75% of CH 4 pollution is atmospheric (2 ppm) or area emissions below 1000 ppm that

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Leonid Minkin, Anthony Zable; Rotational-to-Translational Kinetic Energy Transfer for a Rolling Spool. Phys. Teach. 1 December 2023; 61 (9): 788–791. https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0121812 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAmerican Association of Physics TeachersThe Physics Teacher Search Advanced Search |Citation Search

Oil and natural gas fracking waste contains technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM) and has increasingly been disposed of in unpermitted landfills, causing concern among regulators and the public about potential exposures. There are numerous issues with TENORM waste, including the lack of Federal regulations on its disposal and the lack of permitted landfills capable of accepting these waste streams. This paper examines two situations in which TENORM was placed in unpermitted landfills, one in Kentucky and one in Oregon. The same modeling and dose calculation methods were used in both cases, allowing for a comparison between the two sites. Site-specific differences, source terms, and doses from the disposals and potential remediation options are discussed and compared. Predicted groundwater concentrations are shown and compared against the relevant regulations for each site. Despite the differences in site and TENORM waste characteristics, it was more protective of the community and the environment to leave the waste in place at both sites. Radiation doses to landfill workers on site and to members of the public were low, both during the original disposal and for the remediation alternatives evaluated. Removal of the TENORM material in either case presents significant non-radiological risks that outweigh any benefit from the long-term dose reduction.

The Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL), located in southern California, is a former research facility, and past activities have resulted in residual radioactive contamination in Area IV of the Site. The Woolsey Fire burned across the site, including some of the contaminated areas, on 8-11 November 2018. Atmospheric transport modeling was performed to determine where the smoke plume went while the fire burned across the SSFL and the deposition footprint of particulates in downwind communities. Any radionuclides on vegetation and in surface soil released by the fire were assumed to follow particulate matter transport path and deposition. The predicted deposition footprint was used to guide confirmatory soil sampling at 16 locations including background. Highest offsite deposition was determined to be northeast of the Oak Park community, which is located about 6 km southwest of SSFL. Depth-profile sampling was used to evaluate whether radionuclides of SSFL origin were potentially emitted and deposited during the Woolsey Fire. If radionuclides had been deposited from the Woolsey Fire at sufficient concentrations, then they would be detected in the surface layer and would be expected to be higher within the plume footprint than outside it. An upper bound estimate of the hypothetical effective dose to a person in Oak Park based on measured radionuclide concentrations in soil and vegetation on the SSFL was less than 0.0002 mSv. The occurrence of naturally occurring radionuclides at concentrations above the established background for the SSFL was attributed to natural variability in geologic formations and not SSFL. No anthropogenic radionuclides were measured at levels above those expected from global fallout. The soil sampling confirmed that no detectable levels of SSFL-derived radionuclides migrated from SSFL at the locations sampled because of the Woolsey Fire or from past operations of the SSFL.

ObjectivesIndividuals treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) are at long-term risk of persistent or recurrent disease despite treatment. This committee opinion aims to summarize and provide evidence-based recommendations for adjuvant human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination based on available, published literature.MethodsA task force from the ASCCP Practice Committee reviewed current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines and previously published literature about the role of adjuvant HPV vaccination in previously unvaccinated individuals undergoing treatment for CIN2+ and other HPV-related diseases.ResultsCurrent CDC guidelines recommend routine or catch-up HPV vaccination for individuals aged 9 to 26 years, and shared decision making regarding vaccination for individuals aged 27 to 45 years. Multiple published studies suggest a possible benefit for adjuvant HPV vaccination in previously unvaccinated individuals undergoing treatment for CIN2+.ConclusionsThe American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology recommends adherence to current CDC recommendations for vaccination of individuals aged 9 to 26 years and consideration of the possible benefit of adjuvant HPV vaccination during shared decision making for previously unvaccinated individuals aged 27 to 45 years who are undergoing treatment for CIN2+.

The thirty-eight-year record (1984–2021) of glacier mass balance measurement indicates a significant glacier response to climate change in the North Cascades, Washington that has led to declining glacier runoff in the Nooksack Basin. Glacier runoff in the Nooksack Basin is a major source of streamflow during the summer low-flow season and mitigates both low flow and warm water temperatures; this is particularly true during summer heat waves. Synchronous observations of glacier ablation and stream discharge immediately below Sholes Glacier from 2013–2017, independently identify daily discharge during the ablation season. The identified ablation rate is applied to glaciers across the North Fork Nooksack watershed, providing daily glacier runoff discharge to the North Fork Nooksack River. This is compared to observed daily discharge and temperature data of the North Fork Nooksack River and the unglaciated South Fork Nooksack River from the USGS. The ameliorating role of glacier runoff on discharge and water temperature is examined during 24 late summer heat wave events from 2010–2021. The primary response to these events is increased discharge in the heavily glaciated North Fork, and increased stream temperature in the unglaciated South Fork. During the 24 heat events, the discharge increased an average of +24% (±17%) in the North Fork and decreased an average of 20% (±8%) in the South Fork. For water temperature the mean increase was 0.7 °C (±0.4 °C) in the North Fork and 2.1 °C (±1.2 °C) in the South Fork. For the North Fork glacier runoff production was equivalent to 34% of the total discharge during the 24 events. Ongoing climate change will likely cause further decreases in summer baseflow and summer baseflow, along with an increase in water temperature potentially exceeding tolerance levels of several Pacific salmonid species that would further stress this population.

Annual downy mildew [ Pseudoperonospora humuli (Miyabe & Takah.) G.W. Wilson, (1914)] epidemics threaten hop ( Humulus lupulus L. var. lupulus ) production throughout the eastern United States. Rootstock rot complicates foliar disease assessments because dormant buds may rot before producing a symptomatic basal shoot and noncolonized buds produce healthy shoots. We selected 12 cultivars to evaluate downy mildew susceptibility (2016 and 2017) and examined the rhizomes of a subset of six cultivars (2018) that showed clear differences in foliar disease ratings to determine rootstock rot susceptibility. Trials were conducted on nontrellised hop yards established at two research farms in 2016 and managed without fungicides. The relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC) values for foliar disease severity and density ratings were consistently higher for ‘Cascade’, ‘Centennial’, and ‘Nugget’ than for ‘Newport’, ‘Tahoma’, and ‘Columbia’. Only ‘Centennial’ had a higher wet-rot cortex discoloration (CD) incidence (71.5%) and severity (31.9%) in its rhizomes than the other cultivars. Among cultivars with low foliar disease levels, Columbia was less vigorous (shoots/plant) than ‘Tahoma’, but had similar wet-rot CD (incidence, 46.4% to 47.2%; severity, 12.5% to 17.7%). The levels of wet-rot CD for ‘Tahoma’, ‘Newport’, and ‘Columbia’ were comparable to those of some cultivars with more severe foliar disease symptoms (‘Nugget’ and ‘Cascade’). Differences in foliar disease among cultivars with similar levels of rootstock rot suggest a resistance defense mechanism to P. humuli. Additional work is needed to clarify rootstock infection sites and characterize defense responses to aid future breeding efforts.

The ice giant planets provide some of the most interesting natural laboratories for studying the influence of large obliquities, rapid rotation, highly asymmetric magnetic fields and wide-ranging Alfvénic and sonic Mach numbers on magnetospheric processes. The geometries of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction at the ice giants vary dramatically on diurnal timescales due to the large tilt of the magnetic axis relative to each planet's rotational axis and the apparent off-centred nature of the magnetic field. There is also a seasonal effect on this interaction geometry due to the large obliquity of each planet (especially Uranus). With in situ observations at Uranus and Neptune limited to a single encounter by the Voyager 2 spacecraft, a growing number of analytical and numerical models have been put forward to characterize these unique magnetospheres and test hypotheses related to the magnetic structures and the distribution of plasma observed. Yet many questions regarding magnetospheric structure and dynamics, magnetospheric coupling to the ionosphere and atmosphere, and potential interactions with orbiting satellites remain unanswered. Continuing to study and explore ice giant magnetospheres is important for comparative planetology as they represent critical benchmarks on a broad spectrum of planetary magnetospheric interactions, and provide insight beyond the scope of our own Solar System with implications for exoplanet magnetospheres and magnetic reversals. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Future exploration of ice giant systems'.

The incorporation of snow and ice by pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) can generate mixed-avalanches and pose significant hazards at snow-clad volcanoes. Commonly, the poor preservation of these thin deposits, combined with the subtle characteristics of PDC-snow interaction, has limited their recognition in the geological record. A small-volume (2.5 × 105 m3), basaltic-andesite, mixed-avalanche deposit formed during the 2008 eruption of Volcan Llaima (Chile) provides insight into PDC and snow interactions. Pyroclasts accumulated on the crater rim and collapsed to form a flow that swept up to 2.8 km from source and spread across 6.09 × 105 m2 of the snow-clad slopes. The PDC-snow interaction at the crater rim or during flow propagation resulted in distinct deposit and pyroclast textures. These included abundant blocky non-vesicular cauliflower clasts and blocky poorly vesicular scoria. The thin and sheet-like mixed-avalanche deposit had a lumpy surface, lacked marginal levees, was very loose, and fine ash depleted. Although the flow likely incorporated snow and/or ice mechanically, the overall coarseness of the mixture precluded effective fluidization related to vaporization. Many of the features described herein are distinctive features of other mixed-avalanche deposits worldwide and should be considered key indicators of PDC-snow interaction.

Abstract Understanding how children experience social work interventions is an important part of gauging whether what is provided is genuinely helpful. In this paper, we describe the findings from a research project using Q‐method, aimed at understanding what children involved with statutory services think about their social workers and how they experience the time they spend together. Using a pre‐existing practice framework, we explored skills including empathy, collaboration, and purposefulness from the point of view of children and young people. The participants in our study (n = 22) were insightful observers of social work practice, able to describe not only how they experienced time spent with their workers but also inferring differences in motivation and approach. In addition, workers who were described in similar terms by different young people were nevertheless experienced differently. This suggests not an archetypal “good social worker”—instead, there are skills that are good for specific children at specific times within the context of specific relationships.