Central European Biosystems (Czechia)

Diagnosis and treatment of DVT and prevention of DVT recurrence and the PTS: bridging the gap between DVT and PTS in the primary care setting or outpatient ward Jan Jacques Michiels,1–3 Wim Moosdorff,1 Mildred U Lao,1 Hanny Maasland,1 Janneke Maria Michiels,2,4 HA Martino Neumann,5 Petr Dulicek,6 Viera Stvrtinova,3,7 Pavel Poredos,3,8 Jacques Barth,1,3 Gualtiero Palareti,3,9 1Primary Care Medicine Medical Diagnostic Center, Rotterdam, 2Goodheart Institute, Blood Coagulation and Vascular Medicine Science Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; 3Central European Vascular Forum, Prague, Czech Republic; 4Primary Care Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 5Department of Dermatology, Section Phlebology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; 64th Department of Internal Medicine – Hematology, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove and Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; 7Internal Medicine Medical Faculty, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; 8University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Vascular Disease, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 9Department of Angiology and Blood Coagulation, University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Abstract: Duplex ultrasonography (DUS) does pick up alternative diagnoses (AD) including Baker's cyst, muscle hematomas, old deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and superficial vein thrombosis. The sequential use of DUS followed by a sensitive D-dimer test and a clinical score assessment is a safe and effective noninvasive strategy to exclude and diagnose DVT and AD in patients with suspected DVT. DVT patients are recommended to wear medical elastic stockings (MECS) for symptomatic relief of swollen legs during the acute phase of DVT, or when postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) is present. In routine daily practice, discontinuation of anticoagulation at 6 months post-DVT is followed by a subsequent 20%–30% DVT recurrence rate; this is the main cause of PTS after 1–5 years of follow-up. To bridge the gap between DVT and PTS, the frequent occurrence of PTS is best prevented by prolonged anticoagulation, if indicated, based on objective risk factors for DVT recurrence. Post-DVT rapid and complete recanalization on DUS within 1–3 months and no reflux is associated with no development of PTS, obviating the need of MECS; furthermore, anticoagulation can be discontinued after 3–6 months post-DVT. Absence of residual venous thrombosis (complete recanalization) at 3 months post-DVT with no reflux and with a low PTS score is associated with no recurrence of DVT (1.2% of 100 patient/years). The presence of reflux due to valve destruction, irrespective of the degree of recanalization on DUS at 3–6 months post-DVT, is associated with a high risk of DVT recurrence and symptomatic PTS, indicating the need to wear MECS and extend anticoagulation. Appearance of reflux on DUS at 6 months or 9 months post-DVT in symptomatic PTS patients is associated with increased DVT recurrence in about one-third of post-DVT patients after the discontinuation of anticoagulation. We designed a prospective safety outcome management study to bridge the gap between DVT and PTS, with the aim of reducing the overall DVT recurrence rate to <3% patient/years during long-term follow-up. Keywords: deep vein thrombosis, DVT recurrence, postthrombotic syndrome, D-dimer, clinical score

Simultaneous detection of biological molecules by means of indirect immunolabeling provides valuable information about their localization in cellular compartments and their possible interactions in macromolecular complexes. While fluorescent microscopy allows for simultaneous detection of multiple antigens, the sensitive electron microscopy immunodetection is limited to only two antigens. In order to overcome this limitation, we prepared a set of novel, shape-coded metal nanoparticles readily discernible in transmission electron microscopy which can be conjugated to antibodies or other bioreactive molecules. With the use of novel nanoparticles, various combinations with commercial gold nanoparticles can be made to obtain a set for simultaneous labeling. For the first time in ultrastructural histochemistry, up to five molecular targets can be identified simultaneously. We demonstrate the usefulness of the method by mapping of the localization of nuclear lipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate together with four other molecules crucial for genome function, which proves its suitability for a wide range of biomedical applications.