Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Family socioeconomic status (SES) is a key determinant of adolescent depressive symptoms. However, prior research has largely relied on static and objective indicators, with limited attention to life-course dynamics in parental occupational status and subjective socioeconomic status (SSS). Evidence from a life-course perspective remains scarce. This study applies a life-course framework to examine how dynamic changes in parental occupational status and SSS are associated with adolescent depressive symptoms. Data were drawn from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2010 to 2020 (N=1143). Participants were observed across three developmental stages (ages 5-8, 11-14, and 15-18). Parental occupational status, parental SSS, and adolescent depressive symptoms were assessed at each stage. A structured life-course modeling approach was used, embedding parental occupational and SSS indicators within saturated models. Competing life-course hypotheses were compared using partial F-tests. Over half of adolescents experienced low parental occupational status or low parental SSS during at least one developmental stage. The association between parental occupational status and adolescent depressive symptoms was primarily explained by social mobility, particularly reflecting the adverse influence of downward occupational mobility. In contrast, parental SSS exhibited sensitive period and cumulative exposure patterns rather than mobility effects. Low paternal SSS during late adolescence was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, whereas maternal SSS showed both sensitive period and accumulation effects. Dynamic changes in parental occupational status and SSS, especially during early life, play an important role in shaping adolescent depressive symptoms. Early identification of socioeconomic disadvantage and timely interventions may help reduce depressive symptoms among adolescents.

BackgroundParabens and phenols (PAPs) are widely used in consumer and personal care products. Although prior studies suggest links between PAP exposure and allergic outcomes, evidence across adolescents and adults remains limited.ObjectiveTo investigate associations between urinary PAPs and allergy-related outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2005-2006. Eight urinary PAPs were considered; three with >33.3% values below the limit of detection were excluded. Allergic symptoms and sensitization were assessed based on participants' self-reported health conditions. Three survey-weighted generalized linear models (crude model: unadjusted; Model I: partially adjusted; Model II: fully adjusted) and weighted quantile sum regression were used to evaluate the associations between PAPs exposure and allergy-related outcomes in both adolescents and adults.ResultsAmong adolescents, higher triclosan (TCS) exposure was positively associated with allergic rhinitis, allergies, sinus infection, and sneezing; in the fully adjusted model, odds ratios (ORs) were 2.04 (95% CI: 1.18-3.54), 2.36 (1.25-4.47), 3.28 (1.36-7.91), and 2.12 (1.27-3.52), respectively. Higher TCS, methyl paraben (MPB), and propyl paraben (PPB) were associated with dust-mite sensitization, with ORs of 2.00 (1.16-3.45), 2.09 (1.05-4.17), and 3.87 (2.09-7.16). Among adults, MPB was positively associated with allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.26-3.00) and sneezing (OR = 1.99, 1.27-3.10), and TCS was associated with hay fever (OR = 1.99, 1.22-3.23) and plant sensitization (OR = 1.40, 1.03-1.91). In mixture analyses, PAPs were positively associated with allergies (adjusted OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.07-1.51), sneezing (1.15, 1.00-1.33), and plant sensitization (1.21, 1.02-1.43) in adolescents, but no significant mixture associations were found in adults.ConclusionHigher levels of specific PAPs, particularly TCS, MPB, and PPB, and PAP mixtures were associated with increased risks of allergy-related outcomes in adolescents. In adults, TCS and MPB showed positive associations with multiple outcomes, whereas the overall PAP mixture was not statistically significant.