Cherkasy National University

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the solar radiation absorbed by plants in the 380–710 nm wavelength range, represents a key component of the surface radiation budget and plays a central role in terrestrial carbon assimilation. Understanding long-term PAR variability is increasingly important in the context of regional climate change and shifts in radiative forcing that influence surface energy fluxes.In Ukraine, routine PAR measurements are not performed due to the absence of standard instrumentation. Therefore, the quantification of PAR and the assessment of its multi-decadal variability require indirect reconstruction methods. This study develops a long-term PAR database for the warm season (April–October) using actinometric observations and the components of the surface radiation balance. Direct, diffuse, and total PAR were calculated using established conversion coefficients applied to measured shortwave radiation components. Spatial and temporal patterns were analysed using statistical and cartographic methods.The primary study period is 1961–2020, complemented by several shorter sub-periods (1961–1990, 1991–2020, 1991–2000, 2001–2010, and 2011–2020) analysed comparatively to identify decadal and multi-decadal shifts in PAR components. Since the 1980s–1990s, consistent with global warming trends and associated radiative perturbations, the redistribution of solar radiation reaching the surface has been observed. These changes are linked to factors such as aerosol loadings, cloudiness variability, and large-scale circulation patterns, all of which affect the surface radiation budget.Results indicate that direct, diffuse, and total PAR exhibit pronounced spatial gradients, increasing from western and northwestern regions, including the Ukrainian Carpathians, toward the Southern Steppe and Crimea. An increase in direct solar radiation during 2001–2010 relative to 1991–2000, and again in 2011–2020 relative to 1991–2000, resulted in marked increases in direct PAR. Conversely, declines in diffuse solar radiation resulted in reduced diffuse PAR, while heterogeneous changes in total shortwave radiation produced corresponding fluctuations in total PAR.These findings highlight the sensitivity of PAR to long-term changes in the surface radiation budget and contribute to understanding how regional climate change is modifying the radiative environment that underpins terrestrial productivity.

This article is a review of Paweł Levchuk’s book Wielojęzyczność migrantów wojennych z Ukrainy w Polsce [Multilingualism of War Migrants from Ukraine in Poland] (2024), in which he comprehensively investigates the language behaviour and preferences of Ukrainian migrants in Poland after 24 February 2022. Levchuk emphasises the role of the Ukrainian language in the formation of Ukrainian identity and underlines its influence on the system of values, ideals and priorities, which acquire particular significance in the extremely complex socio-political conditions of confronting Russian aggression. The monograph under review contains relevant information on Polish-Ukrainian cooperation and language policy in Ukraine and provides insights which could be useful for policymakers in both countries. The book presents the issue of the relationship between language and society, expanding the horizons of scientific research and making a significant contribution to modern sociolinguistic studies.

A personally oriented assessment of one’s health forms the skill of controlling one’s functional capabilities, namely, rapid screening for the presence of disorders. This is especially relevant for the adult population in the conditions of war in Ukraine. The article considers the main delayed dangerous consequences for health that require preventive screening and introduction of knowledge and skills in integrative care of persons of retirement age in the community. The results of monitoring health and professional skills revealed individual differences in the assessment, organization and ability to provide services among the economically active and inactive population. The attention to integrated care of persons of retirement age, proposed by WHO and implemented in countries with different income levels, is described in detail. All this helps independently develop the necessary skills at the community level and consistent mastery throughout life. Focusing on the differences between the “Human Health Passport” method and the method of screening for disorders of various organ systems in retirees for the application of management according to the Integrative Care system to ensure adequate care to compensate for functional impairments in the retirement period.

This study aimed to confirm the effectiveness of project methods in cultivating leadership skills among higher education students. The methodology encompassed a questionnaire survey and testing, specifically utilizing the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and the Situational Judgement Test. Measures of central tendency, including the arithmetic mean, median, and mode, were applied for data analysis. The study involved a sample size of 140 participants. Additionally, inductive statistical methods such as t-statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk test, and Cohen’s d were employed to analyze the data. The findings indicate that students in the experimental group demonstrated a higher level of leadership qualities, notably in communication (4.7 vs. 4.2) and confidence (4.8 vs. 4.3). Statistically significant differences were observed for the individual approach (t=2.1, p<0.05) and result orientation (t=2.4, p<0.05), thereby confirming the effectiveness of project methods. Key improvements were particularly evident in communication, confidence, and result-oriented skills, underscoring the efficacy of project-based methodologies in higher education. In conclusion, project methods positively influence the development of students’ leadership qualities, yielding superior outcomes in the experimental group compared to traditional approaches.

The relevance of the study is explained by the fact that if the solution to a certain scientific problem is a product that is expected to be obtained as a result of the project, then scientific research and its implementation will actually become such a project with all its inherent methodology, theoretical basis and practical tools. In the context of scientific research organisation and the search for methodological tools for their high-quality implementation, there is a necessity to explore ways to effectively transform the tools for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of socio-economic systems and their management. The project approach has the potential to facilitate this. The objective of the present study was to specify the possibilities and identify methodologies for the systematic utilisation of security-oriented project management for scientific research in economics and management. The research methods employed included synthesis and analysis, facilitating a comprehensive study of literary sources, regulatory documents, and digital information resources. The application of generalisation and abstraction methods enabled the formalisation and generalisation of the principles underpinning the utilisation of project management methodologies. The existing approaches, practices and principles of project management were organised using classification and systematisation methods. The study posits the proposition that projects should be conceptualised as episodic, time-limited endeavours undertaken by teams of specialists, with the objective of developing unique, innovative products or services, or attaining specific social or economic outcomes at the behest of the client, who is recognised as the initiator of the project. Project management is defined as the process of planning, organising, implementing project activities, motivating project team members and controlling the results obtained by them. In contradistinction to routine tasks, scientific research, particularly that which is characterised by the presence of clearly defined deadlines, the generation of unparalleled results, and the necessity for the expeditious consideration of novel data, is optimally suited to the implementation of a project management methodology. This methodology deviates from conventional approaches by incorporating risk management at all stages of the project, with a focus on proactive identification, assessment and minimisation of risks. This approach ensures the timely completion and reliable outcomes of the research process, a matter of particular importance in circumstances where resources allocated for scientific projects are limited and the complexity of successfully addressing scientific problems in the fields of economics and management is increasing. The practical value of the provided proposals is ensured by the possibility of their use in the process of scientific activity of educational and scientific institutions and teams of independent researchers.

The article is devoted to the study of human-centrism as a philosophy of the functioning of the HR management system, which ensures the effectiveness of personnel recruitment, their motivation and a high level of intellectual and personnel security of enterprises. It is proposed to understand intellectual and personnel security as the state of the human resource of an enterprise with a high level of intellectual capital, relevant skills and knowledge, capable of counteracting threats and risks arising from the actions or inaction of employees. The main threats to intellectual and personnel security are identified, including high staff turnover, low labour productivity, conflicts and disloyalty. It is substantiated that human-centrism in management personnel focuses management processes on the needs and interests of employees, as opposed to the traditional resource approach to HR management. It is proved that satisfying the needs of personnel forms their loyalty, conscientious performance of duties and the desire for self-development, which are crucial for the economic success of the company. The discrepancy between the concept of human-centrism and the traditional understanding of HR management as "human resources" management is highlighted, however, the value of using the term "human-centric personnel management" to translate a new focus into the management system of organizations is emphasized. The possibilities of integrating the human-centric paradigm into the processes of recruiting and motivating personnel are explored. It is proposed to use digital recruiting and the "broad search" method as human-centric tools that allow finding the optimal candidate. The elements of "full-cycle recruiting" are presented and the importance of the individualization of the hiring process is substantiated. The role of requirements for candidates with line managers and an important attitude towards all applicants is emphasized. The motivational aspect is separately noted, and it is emphasized that diversifying motivation tools to meet the needs of each employee is a sign of a human-centric approach. The use of the StrengthsFinder test is recommended to identify and develop the strengths of personnel. It is concluded that a focus on employees within human-centric HR management allows for the development of accurate HR risk maps and the prevention of conflicts, which is critically important for the stability and growth of an enterprise and for the effective management of its intellectual and personnel security.

У статті розглядається актуальність проблем застосування компетентнісного підходу у викладанні алгебри і початків математичного аналізу в старшій профільній школі, визначені ключові проблеми, з якими стикаються учні під час вивчення цього предмету, що включають труднощі у розумінні абстрактних математичних понять, відсутність чіткого зв’язку між математикою та реальними життєвими ситуаціями, наявність прогалин у знаннях з попередніх класів, складність математичних обчислень та недостатній рівень підготовки вчителів. У дослідженні підкреслюється важливість інтеграції знань, навичок та компетенцій з різних освітніх галузей для ефективного навчання математики; наголошено на необхідності розвитку критичного та проблемного мислення в учнів, а також на важливості застосування математичних концепцій у різноманітних контекстах. Стаття містить аналіз сучасних досліджень з даної проблематики, де розглядаються різні моделі компетентнісного підходу та їх адаптація до освітнього процесу; підкреслено, що компетентнісний підхід передбачає зміщення акценту з процесу навчання на його результати, орієнтуючись на потреби суспільства та ринку праці. У роботі також пропонуються конкретні методичні рекомендації щодо застосування компетентнісного підходу у викладанні алгебри і початків аналізу. Зокрема, рекомендовано починати навчальний рік з перевірки базових знань учнів, систематизувати знання та розвивати навички їх застосування до нових ситуацій. Особлива увага приділяється використанню міжпредметних зв’язків, застосуванню математики для розв’язання практичних задач, практико-орієнтованих та компетентнісних задач, використанню сучасних технологій та розвитку навичок самостійної роботи учнів; підкреслено, що компетентнісний підхід сприяє не лише засвоєнню теоретичних знань, але й формуванню в учнів практичних навичок, необхідних для успішної професійної діяльності.

Abstract This article provides an example of the application of the algorithm for calculating the subsidence profiles of railway, road and other embankments, as well as dams and dikes made of soil materials, developed by us for the Ukrainian State Standards (DSTU XXXXX:202X "Dams made of soil materials. General requirements"). Based on theoretical studies of geotechnical processes using analytical and numerous mathematical methods, an analysis and generalization of the research results was carried out. A simple algorithm for determining the required volume of material for the construction of embankments (dams and dikes) from soil materials based on weak soils has been developed. It is shown that a simple iteration process can be used to determine the required theoretical volume of material for the construction of embankments (dams and dikes) from soil materials. A method has been developed for determining the volume of material required to ensure the design profile of an embankment (dam or dike) during construction on soft soils using calculation.

The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of staged continuing education in the formation of professional competencies of computer science teachers and its impact on adaptation to digital technologies. The research methods included questionnaire surveys of teachers with different work experience, a pedagogical experiment with division into control and experimental groups, analysis of learning outcomes, and statistical assessment of the impact of digital technologies on teaching. The results of the study showed that the staged education system significantly increases digital literacy (+38%), the integration of STEM methodologies (+34%), and the effectiveness of adaptive curricula (+29%). The best indicators were demonstrated by teachers with 5–8 years of experience, who were able to combine technological training with practical experience. The findings prove the effectiveness of the implementation of staged education for the development of technical and pedagogical competencies. The academic novelty is the developed integrated training model that combines adaptive programmes, digital platforms, and interactive methods. Further research prospects include a long-term analysis of the effectiveness of this model in training teachers of other subjects and expanding its capabilities by integrating artificial intelligence and virtual reality.