Chinese Literature Society

The lexemes ‘fruit’ and ‘stone’ are known as the origins of the numeral classifiers for small round objects in many Tibeto-Burman languages. This paper employs a correlation-based network construction method to investigate the colexification networks of the two concepts in 58 + 68 Tibeto-Burman languages. A total of 104 concepts colexified with ‘fruit’ and 99 concepts colexified with ‘stone’ are organized into macro semantic classes. Semantic networks on the basis of the similarities in colexification patterns of concepts, as well as languages networks on the basis of the similarities in colexification patterns of languages, are constructed for ‘fruit’ and ‘stone’, respectively. The results indicate that classifiers for small round objects evolved from either ‘fruit’ or ‘stone’ are directly colexified with class terms in compound nouns denoting varieties of fruits/stones and the shape class of small round objects, indicating that they are diachronically related. However, ‘fruit’ and ‘stone’ differ significantly in their modes of deriving a classifier. Moreover, languages that have developed classifiers from ‘fruit’ are mostly from the Ngwi subgroup, whereas languages whose classifiers are colexified with ‘stone’ evolved independently.

Because of the successful transplantation and adaptation of the great literature and the carrying forward of the universal humanitarian spirit in the mass media era, the musical "Les Miserables" has became the immortal work in the musical history.From the perspective of audience analysis, the producer of "Les Miserables" took full consideration of the inculturation of the major contemporary audience, the universality of the audiences and the diversification of artistic needs, and employed a special expression technique that the music motivation of the characters was exclusive and the the me melody was shared and thus made "Les Miserables" a wonderful artistic enjoyment for the audience and being sang all over the world.