Circle Solutions

The aims of this study were to 1. define the responses of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, and peptide YY (PYY) to an oral meal and to intravenous L-arginine; and 2. examine correlation of enteroendocrine hormones with insulin secretion. We hypothesized a relationship between circulating incretin concentrations and insulin secretion. Subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 23), prediabetes (PDM, n = 17), or with type 2 diabetes (T2DM, n = 22) were studied twice, following a mixed test meal (470 kCal) (mixed meal tolerance test [MMTT]) or intravenous L-arginine (arginine maximal stimulation test [AST], 5 g). GLP-1 (total and active), PYY, GIP, glucagon, and β cell function were measured before and following each stimulus. Baseline enteroendocrine hormones differed across the glucose tolerance (GT) spectrum, T2DM generally >NGT and PDM. In response to MMTT, total and active GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, and PYY increased in all populations. The incremental area-under-the-curve (0-120 min) of analytes like total GLP-1 were often higher in T2DM compared with NGT and PDM (35-51%; P < 0.05). At baseline glucose, L-arginine increased total and active GLP-1 and glucagon concentrations in all GT populations (all P < 0.05). As expected, the MMTT and AST provoked differential glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses across GT populations. Baseline or stimulated enteroendocrine hormone concentrations did not consistently correlate with either measure of β cell function. Both MMTT and AST resulted in insulin and enteroendocrine hormone responses across GT populations without consistent correlation between release of incretins and insulin, which is in line with other published research. If a defect is in the enteroendocrine/β cell axis, it is probably reduced response to rather than diminished secretion of enteroendocrine hormones.

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Health Physics: February 2012 - Volume 102 - Issue 2 - p 230-231 doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e31822f8bba

Shallow water bottom properties can be very difficult to estimate and are usually done so by means of vertical line arrays over a range of frequencies. This work will examine the behavior of the minimization broadband processor at low frequencies (25–100 Hz) for a variety of horizontal line arrays at endfire in simulated Shallow Water 2006 environments. Do we ever have enough sensitivity and resolution to estimate any of the bottom properties when using a horizontal array?

Commentary on: TA Holt, M Thorogood, F Griffiths, et al.. Automated electronic reminders to facilitate primary cardiovascular disease prevention: randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract2010;60:e137–43.

It is well known that multiple frequency sources are necessary for accurate geoacoustic inversion. This paper presents an inversion method which uses the low frequency (LF) spectrum only to estimate bottom properties even in the presence of expected errors in source location, phone depths, and ocean sound-speed profiles. Matched field processing (MFP) along a vertical array is used. The LF method first conducts an exhaustive search of the (five) parameter search space (sediment thickness, sound-speed at the top of the sediment layer, the sediment layer sound-speed gradient, the half-space sound-speed, and water depth) at 25 Hz and continues by retaining only the high MFP value parameter combinations. Next, frequency is slowly increased while again retaining only the high value combinations. At each stage of the process, only those parameter combinations which give high MFP values at all previous LF predictions are considered (an ever shrinking set). It is important to note that a complete search of each relevant parameter space seems to be necessary not only at multiple (sequential) frequencies but also at multiple ranges in order to eliminate sidelobes, i.e., false solutions. Even so, there are no mathematical guarantees that one final, unique "solution" will be found.

In this article we examine the influence of board control on innovation in small technology-based firms. An analysis of 135 Swedish technology-based firms suggests that board involvement in the control over strategig decisions and outcomes can have a significant influence on innovation. The empirical results suggest that board strategic control involvement is positively associated with process innovation, while board involvement in financial control is positively associated with organizational innovation. No association is found between board control and product innovation. In all, our findings contribute to a better understanding of how bords may contribute to value creation in small technology-based firms and also suggest some areas where further scholarly inquiry is highly warranted.

Department of Surgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital Center for Surgery and Public Health; One Brigham CircleBoston, MA 02115; Phone: 617/732-8042; Fax: 617/582-6047; E-mail: [email protected] (Lipsitz, Rogers)

We study the permutation action of a finite symplectic group of characteristic 2 on the set of subspaces of its standard module which are either totally isotropic or else complementary to totally isotropic subspaces with respect to the alternating form. A general formula is obtained for the 2-rank of the incidence matrix for the inclusion of one-dimensional subspaces in the distinguished subspaces of a fixed dimension.