Coyle Institute

"Making a grade: Victorian examinations and the rise of standardized testing." British Journal of Educational Studies, 70(1), pp. 121–122

Researchers have been creating maps for centuries as a way to synthesize and spatially represent our knowledge of the complex social and physical world.The notion of the map broadened considerably in the 20th century (Suchan and Brewer, 2000), and researchers outside of the fields of geography or cartography are now using mapping techniques to map all sorts of social and physical phenomena, including communities, neighborhoods, relationships, health, culture, social services and even bodies.Mapping is no longer limited to geographic representations, but can also include non-geographic data visualization, or even mapping that is completely conceptual.Mapping is increasingly common as a research strategy among those engaged in participatory approaches to research, and often is used on its own or in combination with other methods as part of community-based participatory research projects.This chapter introduces participatory asset mapping as a research approach, which can include conceptual or visual maps.The chapter includes a case example of participatory asset mapping, and a step-by-step guide for using participatory asset mapping as a research method. Conceptual Framing of Participatory Asset MappingParticipatory asset mapping as a research tool has its roots both in spatial mapping used by geographers and other researchers, typically in a non-participatory way, and in the growth of various forms of participatory mapping as a practice method in social work, community development, international development and related fields.The use of mapping as a research method has been common in social, physical and biological sciences since the middle of the 20th century (Parker and Asencio, 2009).It became more widespread in the 1990s with the increase in availability of spatial analysis software, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS).Using mapping as a research tool allowed researchers to answer a variety of research questions relating to the location, distribution and relationship between various elements, ranging from people to plants.Researchers in the applied social sciences, notably the disciplines of geography, public affairs, urban affairs, and public health, have used mapping to answer questions relating to topics such as population patterns, migration patterns, distribution of government and nonprofit services, community health and transportation routes (Dueker, 1987;Greenberg and Oakley, 1983;Taaffe, 1956).In the 1980s and 1990s a less spatial type of mapping, conceptual mapping, also grew, which involved developing

In Hemochromatosis (H) iron is stored in tissues, causing organ injury and failure. Patients with H have a shorter life expectancy and an increase in CVR. Our group could prove that arterial stiffness was increased and they had added endothelial dysfunction. After that we also were able to demonstrate that both improve by reducing iron levels with phlebotomies. Due to these findings we ask how iron-overload made it (getting inside or more likely inducing inflammation). Anyway either directly or indirectly AW could be a target of iron-overload. To test this hypothesis we did an experimental correlation by using a known model of H in rats and we analize histologically the AW Twelve young rats (3 months old), an average weight of 300 gr, fed as usual, in individual cages with dark light cycles of 12 h and controlled temperature (22±3°C), were ramdonly divided in 2 groups: 1) Iron-overoload group (IOG). They were daily administrated intraperitoneally 10 mg of elemental iron (0,1 ml of dextran iron, Venofer®) 12 injections in total 2) Control group (CG) the same injections scheme but with placebo. The handlings of animals was under the norms of the bioterium and standards designed for that purpose. At the end of experimental period (8 weeks) animals were sacrificed and studied. The histoarchitecture of the proximal aortic wall (fixed in 4 % formalin, paraffin-embedded, sectioned into thin slices, H&E, Masson′s trichrome and VVG staining) showed no significant differences in the histology (H&E) between IOG and CG. No evidence of iron inside the AW. On the other hand inflammatory component was significantly increased in IOG compared to CG, perivascular lymphocyte count 5-12/0 IOG/CG, perivascular macrophages, 3-5/0 IOG/CG. Elastic fibers were not fragmented but become thin and lost their disposition in IOG. In conclusions we can affirm that AW could represent a novel target in H and could may the nexus to cardiovascular disease. The indirect mechanism (inflammation and elastic fibers) explains why previously improved after phlebotomies. Our findings supports future research including inflammatory mediators and their tissue expression, and extend them to others iron overload disorders.

502 This study determined the effects of increasing plasma epinephrine concentration on carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. On four occasions 7 moderately trained subjects cycled at 25% of VO2 peak for 60 min. After 15 min of exercise, epinephrine was intravenously infused to elevate plasma epinephrine above CON (0.6±0.1 nM) to LOW (1.0±0.1 nM), MID (1.9±0.2 nM) and HIGH (3.4±0.5 nM) levels (all p<0.05). Plasma glucose concentration increased progressively with the graded epinephrine infusions. However, plasma glucose clearance (rate of plasma glucose dissappearance/plasma glucose concentration) was reduced below CON (3.2±0.2 ml/kg/min) during MID and HIGH (2.6±0.3 and 2.5±0.7 ml/kg/min, respectively, p<0.05). After 35 min of exercise, carbohydrate oxidation increased above CON (46±3 μmol/kg/min) during MID and HIGH (59±4 and 63±3 μmol/kg/min, respectively; p<0.05). However, plasma Rd glucose did not increase above CON levels (14±0.8 μmol/kg/min). This suggests that the increase in carbohydrate oxidation was due to increased glycogen oxidation. In summary, during low-intensity exercise, progressive increases in plasma epinephrine levels reduce plasma glucose clearance. MID and HIGH rates of epinephrine infusion increase whole body carbohydrate oxidation from increased glycogen oxidation.

This investigation describes a surgical approach for ligation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the young rat and evaluates consequences of the occlusion with a neurologic exam for motor deficits, Evans blue test for blood-brain barrier leaks, and light microscopy for histologic changes after 3 days. Evans blue extravasation and the lesion were limited to cortex at the burr hole site in occluded and sham operated rats. MCA occlusion beyond the point of origin of the striate branches in the young rat results in neither neurological deficits, dye markings, nor histologic changes in the distal vascular field to indicate an infarct. Apparently, the young rodent collateral supply maintains the tissue in a viable state.