Dagestan State Agricultural Academy

Aim. The study of the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain on meadow‐chestnut soil.Methods. Analyses of soil samples were carried out using generally accepted standard techniques. Assessment of the biological yield of grain and its structure was carried out according to the "Methodology of the State Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops". Tillage for winter crops after stubble predecessors was carried out according to the irrigation halfsteam system.Results. With an increase in the hydrothermal coefficient, a more elastic gluten is formed. Studies have shown that as the dose of nitrogen fertilizing increases, the indicators of the sowing qualities of seeds and the baking qualities of winter wheat grain of the Grom variety improve. In the best variant N90P90, the following indicators were obtained: seed germination energy – 99%, germination – 100%, weight of 1000 grains – 34.7 g, protein content – 14.8%, gluten 27.4%, which represent respectively 4%; 4%; 3.9 g; 1.3% and 6.1% more than in the control variant without the use of mineral fertilizers and higher than in the variants N30P90 and N60P90.Conclusion. The research area determines the use of the high‐intensity Thunder variety, which helps to stabilise productivity and improve product quality. The use of nitrogen top dressing (N30, N60 and N90) against the background of P90 increases the yield of winter wheat grain from 6.25 to 7.90 t / ha and improves the main indicators of baking qualities of grain: protein – 14.3–14.8% and gluten – 22.1–27.4%, the best option with nitrogen top dressing being a dose of N90 (N30 in autumn + N60 in spring).

Aim. To reveal the basic patterns and principles of formation on the surface of crusty solonchak of an aeolian-accumulative horizon and its positive transformation at the taxonomic level. Material and Methods . On the surface of crusty solonchak there is formed a layer of silt-sand fractions with seeds of wild phytocenoses which move/ перемещаюихся over the surface of the soil under the influence of atmospheric processes with the utilization of woody material protruding above the soil surface to 0.2 m. Analyses, surveys and observations were carried out of the key parts (for investigation - under the aeolian layer) of the crusty solonchak transformed through the dynamics of humidity, lowering of soil moisture (SC), granulometric composition, chemistry and level of soil salinity, as well as determination of the species composition of the phytocenoses and the accumulation of phytomass by plants. Results. The possibility was revealed of a positive transformation within eight years of a layer of silt-sand fractions with seeds of wild phytocenoses in the W ael humus horizon with a capacity of 5 cm ± 0.8 cm and containing 1.26% of humus. The type of salinization remains sulphate-chloride but the level of salinization decreases from very strong in the 0-5 layer to weak one in the 6-15 cm layer - on average. The profile of the crusty solonchak Ск к [AJ k - AJ,s - BCA,s - Cca,s] is changed to that of regraded solonchak Ck w [W ael - AJ,s - BCA,s - Cca,s]. The granulometric composition of the soil is improved and a productive phytocenosis is formed. Conclusion. The positive transformation of crusty solonchak to regraded contributes to the reduction of soil deflation and of aerial contamination by dust particle fractions, the lowering of carbon emissions from the soil and of the natural greenhouse effect, the increase of the utilization coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the prevention of excessive overheating of the soil and atmosphere.

Theoretical investigations of a system developed and created by a laboratory of the Dagestan Agricultural Research Institute for automatic driving of a tractor (caterpillar) unit while moving along the interrows of orchard and vineyard plantings are carried out.