Danya International, Inc.

The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL's

Adolescents with substance use disorders are at high risk for contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Adolescence is the period of sexual maturation that compounds the issues associated with infection transmission for this risk-taking group. Integrated treatment models for implementing HIV education, counseling, and testing is a promising approach. This study describes four substance abuse treatment programs of varying levels of care that integrated HIV services for adolescents. Additionally, the evidence-based substance abuse treatment and HIV models are discussed and the baseline characteristics presented. The authors provide a discussion and offer recommendations for service implementation and additional research.

Abstract The goal of this study was to evaluate the Adolescent Smoking Cessation Escaping Nicotine and Tobacco (ASCENT) program, a multifaceted smoking cessation intervention for teens, aged 14 to 18. Seven schools were randomised into either an intervention group (n = 61) or a comparison control group (n = 44). Findings suggested that 67% of the teens in the experimental group reported they did not smoke daily in the past 12 months, compared to 42% of the control group (p < .05). In addition, experimental (treated) youth reduced their smoking from an average of 8 cigarettes a day at baseline to 6 cigarettes a day (p < .05). Although not statistically significant, the overall 1-year quit rate for both groups was higher than the average rate for youth cessation programs (12%). The results of this study suggest that, with appropriate interventions, it is feasible to reduce youth smoking.

Three families living in an urban area in the Midwest with elementary-age children diagnosed with disabilities were interviewed about their family involvement in special education programming and intervention. The study explored how three mothers used social networks to advocate and care for their child's special education programming. Using Brigg's distinction of social networks that serve as social supports and ones that serve as social leverage as a conceptual framework, we aim to help further understand how parents advocate for their children in the parent—school relationship.

The objectives of this qualitative study were to: a) identify common marketing themes and tactics used by the tobacco industry to entice African Americans (AA's) and youth to initiate and maintain smoking behavior, especially smoking mentholated brands of cigarettes, and b) determine AA youths' knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and beliefs about smoking and the tobacco industry. Together, these activities could aid in the development of effective tobacco counter-marketing campaigns for AA youth. Using publicly available tobacco industry documents, computerized searches using standardized keywords were run and results were cataloged and analyzed thematically. Subsequently, 5 focus groups were conducted with n = 28 AA middle school-aged youth. Results suggest that the tobacco industry consistently recruited new AA smokers through a variety of means, including social and behavioral marketing studies and targeted media and promotional campaigns in predominantly AA, urban, and low income areas. AA youth interviewed in this study were largely unaware of these tactics, and reacted negatively against the industry upon learning of them. Youth tended to externalize control over tobacco, especially within the AA community. In designing a counter-marketing campaign for this population, partnering knowledge of tobacco industry practices with youth needs and community resources will likely increase their effectiveness.

This paper describes a pilot study using online counseling for court-involved parents who have been charged with child abuse and neglect related to substance use. All families resided in the medically underserved area of Newark, New Jersey and were recruited from halfway houses and the Family Court. The sample consisted of 30 participants randomly assigned to control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. Of the participants, 83% were Black, 13% were White, and 3% were Hispanic. The control group had access to usual face-to-face treatment at a local treatment center where typical court-ordered offenders were referred. Usual face-to-face treatment often involved being wait-listed for periods of months even for a detox bed. The experimental group had immediate access to the online counseling intervention. The online counseling software and the live counseling components of the intervention were developed with a stages of change theoretical framework. Preliminary findings show promise for the feasibility of online interventions for underserved populations.

ABSTRACT This research is based on structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and informal firsthand observation of women residents of Washington, DC who used crack and/or injected drugs during the previous 30 days. The study entailed introducing these women to the female condom, exposing them to an HIV risk reduction intervention teaching them how to use it and how to negotiate its use with their sexual partner(s). Women were tested for HIV and asked to return one week later for their results. They were asked to try the female condom within that first week. Upon returning for their tests results, ethnographers discussed with them their experiences with the female condom. They were reinterviewed for follow-up three months later to assess changes in behavior from baseline as well as their longer term experiences with and opinions of the female condom. The data presented in this paper are based on the interviews conducted one week after baseline. Of particular interest and concern to this research were: women's perceptions of the female condom prior to and subsequent to using it, women's partners' perceptions of the female condom after being introduced to it, and potential barriers to use. In all, 131 women, mostly African-American, took part in this study, which was conducted during the winter of 1997–1998.

Applied research in HIV prevention with out-of-treatment substance abusers takes place in a constantly changing environment. Researchers must be able to identify changes in drug use and sexual risk patterns, develop and evaluate appropriate interventions to respond to those changes, and find ways to make effective use of new technologies as they are developed. An example of this process is the collaborative revision made to NIDA's Standard Intervention for HIV prevention by the final six study sites funded under the NIDA Cooperative Agreements for AIDS Community-Based Outreach and Intervention Research. To illustrate the process of responding to changes in the substance abuse environment, to advances in knowledge about risk, and to newer technologies, this article provides an overview of the history of two federally funded HIV-prevention programs for out-oftreatment substance abusers and reviews recent changes made to the Standard Intervention protocol. The rationale for the changes is discussed, and the substance abuse population in the study is described.

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI versions I, II, and III) includes a scale to assess drug use problems, Scale T-Drug Dependence. Detailed drug use data from a sample of 659 known drug users along with MCMI-II results were examined to determine the operating characteristics of the MCMI-II drug dependence scale. Operating characteristics, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, negative predictive power, and overall diagnostic power were calculated for base rate cutoffs and for the number of prototypic items endorsed to determine the diagnostic efficiency of Scale T-Drug Dependence in identifying regular drug users. Prototypic item cutoffs provided higher levels of diagnostic and positive predictive power than did the standard base rate cutoffs.