Duzce University

Bu araştırma, futbol hakemlerinin Atletik Performans Testi (APT) kaygı düzeylerini değerlendirmek üzere geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Literatürde hakemlerin APT kaygısını spesifik olarak ölçen bir aracın bulunmaması araştırmanın temel gerekçesini oluşturmaktadır. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde literatür taraması ve 12 hakem ile görüşmeler yapılarak 60 maddelik havuz oluşturulmuştur. Uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda kapsam geçerliği değerlendirilmiş ve uygun olmayan maddeler elenmiştir. Deneme uygulaması 124 hakeme yapılarak Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi, ardından 462 hakem ile Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda fizyolojik, bilişsel ve duyuşsal olmak üzere üç boyutlu, 19 maddelik yapı elde edilmiştir. Model uyum indeksleri kabul edilebilir düzeyde bulunmuştur (CFI=0,933, TLI=0,923, RMSEA=0,063). Güvenirlik katsayıları fizyolojik boyut için 0,82, duyuşsal boyut için 0,78, bilişsel boyut için 0,68 ve toplam ölçek için 0,86 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçek, hakemlerin APT'ye yönelik kaygı farkındalığını artırmak, grup düzeyinde müdahale ihtiyaçlarını belirlemek ve APT öncesi psikolojik hazırlık süreçlerini desteklemek amacıyla kullanılabilir. Bilişsel boyutun düşük güvenirliği ve bazı geçerlik kanıtlarının eksikliği nedeniyle gelecek çalışmalarda ölçeğin geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Drought is a major abiotic stress that threatens global food security by reducing crop yield and quality. Foliar application of osmoprotectants such as proline offers a promising means to mitigate drought-induced damage. This study examined the effects of exogenous proline (P0, P200, P400, and P600 mg.L-1), sorghum genotype, and their interaction on morphological, physiological, biochemical, forage quality, and microbial traits under different drought levels (I100, I75, I50, and I25). Proline application increased dry matter by over 100 % under medium to severe deficits and enhanced root dry weight by 90 % at 75 % water reduction. The strongest response occurred in chlorophyll content (SPAD), reflecting improved photosynthetic stability. Exogenous proline reduced leaf drying by 25 % and alleviated drought-related declines in forage quality, as evidenced by improvements in NDF, ADF, and ADL. It also boosted peroxidase activity more than superoxide dismutase and catalase, minimizing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) toxicity and oxidative stress. Even under extreme drought (I25), proline maintained plant vigor and improved water-use efficiency by 25 - 40 % at the seedling stage. Compared with the control, leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD values) decreased by 13.91 %, 24.28 %, and 31.85 % under the I75, I50, and I25 treatments, respectively, suggesting that SPAD measurements at the seedling stage may serve as a practical and cost-effective indicator for identifying drought-tolerant sorghum genotypes.

Heat tends to pass from the environment where the temperature is high to the environment where it is low in environments with different interacting temperatures. Thermal insulation is manufactured in buildings in order to prevent heat transfer and provide a comfortable living space. In this study; information about thermal insulation and application details, construction cost and calculation methods are given. Calculations were made assuming that XPS, EPS and rock wool exterior thermal insulation materials of different thicknesses were applied to 3 multi-storey reinforced concrete projects used in the study. Exterior thermal insulation costs were calculated according to the market prices of February 2024 using the unit price method and regression analysis method. Within the scope of the study, it was tried to determine to what extent different exterior thermal insulation systems applied in multi-storey reinforced concrete structures affect the construction cost. Thus, with this study, a preliminary estimate of the exterior thermal insulation cost in multi-storey reinforced concrete projects planned to be built can be made.

Motivated by $\Phi$-summability, novel matrix operators are produced by the aid of fascinating arithmetical functions. One of them is the Riesz-Jordan totient matrix operator, introduced very recently. The primary purpose of this study is to use this matrix to obtain new spaces as the matrix domain of it in some classical sequence spaces. After presenting basic topological properties and identifying dual spaces, the characterization of certain matrix transformations is studied, defined on the resulting spaces. In the final section, the compactness of the operators on the domain of Jordan totient type matrices in the space of null sequences is researched.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have markedly progressed natural language processing. Nevertheless, owing to the restricted availability of training data, they may prove insufficient in generating current and precise information, particularly for low-resource languages. The Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) methodology, designed to resolve this challenge, improves the precision and dependability of models' outputs by leveraging external information sources. This study comparatively evaluated four distinct LLMs (Qwen-14B, Gemma3-12B, LLaMA3.1-8B, and DeepSeek-R1-14B) within the RAG framework using a Turkish question-answer dataset. Experimental results demonstrate the RAG methodology markedly enhances information precision, response uniformity, and contextual relevance in Turkish question-answering systems. Moreover, the LLaMA3.1-8B model had the best equitable performance regarding precision and recall. The findings illustrate the relevance of RAG-based applications for Turkish and offer significant insights for advancing knowledge-assisted generation methods. This study addresses a significant gap in the literature by illustrating the viability of RAG-based systems in morphologically rich and low-resource languages, including Turkish. It serves as a foundational reference for subsequent Turkish natural language processing research.

This study aims to determine the rainwater harvesting (RWH) potential at the campus scale within the Düzce University Konuralp Campus. The amount of collectable rainwater was calculated based on the surface areas of rooftops, impervious grounds, and green spaces across the campus, using 2024 meteorological precipitation data and runoff coefficients corresponding to surface types. According to the results, the annual RWH potential is approximately 197,201 m3, of which 76% originates from rooftops, 23% from impervious surfaces, and 1% from green areas. It was found that the harvested rainwater could fully meet the irrigation, ornamental pond, and reservoir water demands within the campus. Additionally, this implementation could enable approximately 94,907 m3 of water savings, 151,851 kWh of energy savings, and a reduction of 199,998 kg in CO2 emissions annually. The study emphasizes that system design and management tailored to local climatic conditions are critical for the sustainable use of water resources. The findings demonstrate that RWH systems offer an effective environmental and economic solution for university campuses and similar institutional sites.

This study investigated the effects of chestnut honey on growth and development. A total of 14 Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups: the Control group (C) and the Chestnut Honey group (CH). During the 23-day experimental period, weekly measurements of body length and weight were recorded, body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were assessed. At the end of the treatment, no statistically significant differences were observed between the Chestnut Honey and Control groups in terms of body weight and body length (p = 0.355, p = 0.772, p = 0.232). Furthermore, biochemically, IGF-1 levels did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.919), whereas GH levels were significantly reduced in the chestnut honey group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). These results indicate that chestnut honey is a safe dietary component that does not induce weight gain or adversely affect IGF-1 metabolism.

Dervîş Selîm Sırrî’nin Dîvân’ı incelendiğinde, şiirlerinin büyük bir kısmında dinî-tasavvufî-kelâmî unsurların yoğun olarak bulunduğu görülür. Bu unsurlar, iktibas edilen ayet/hadislerin içerisinde veya belli ibare ve ifadelerde olmak üzere çeşitli şekillerde yer almaktadır. Dîvân’da Hz. Allah’ın zâtı, sıfatları, isimleri; Hz. Peygamber’in zâtı, sıfatları, mucizeleri, şefaat kavramı; ulu’l-azm peygamberler; evliyâullah ve mürşitlerin zâtı, sıfatları ve kerametleri, kozmolojik unsurlar, evrenin yaratılışına dair bilgiler yer alır. Bu kavramlar, kelâm ilminin konularını kapsamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra Dîvân’da dinî-tasavvufî motifler de yer almaktadır. Dîvân’da Abdülkâdir Geylânî, Müştak Baba, Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî ve Hazret-i Ali gibi dinî şahsiyetler dinî-tasavvufî kimlikleri bağlamında ele alınmışlardır. Ayrıca Kâdirîlik, cennet-cehennem, zikir, ibadet, himmet, günah vb. daha pek çok dinî-tasavvufî kavram da anılan unsurlardandır. Çalışmanın giriş kısmında, öncelikle tasavvuf ve kelâma ait kavramların tanımları ve terim anlamları üzerinde durulacak; devamında Dîvân’da bu iki alana ait unsurlar ana hatlarıyla değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmanın inceleme kısmında ise bahsedilen dinî-tasavvufî ve kelâmî unsurlar tanık beyitler üzerinden izah edilecektir.

This study examines the mediating roles of anger expression styles and anger control in the relationship between adult attachment styles and intimate partner violence. Data were collected from 412 participants using the Socio-Demographic Information Form, Conflict Resolution Styles Scale, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory-II. Statistical analyses, including independent samples t-tests, Pearson correlation analysis, and mediation analyses, were performed using SPSS 25 and the PROCESS Macro. The results revealed no significant gender differences in attachment anxiety; however, men exhibited significantly higher levels of attachment avoidance. Attachment anxiety was positively associated with trait anger and outward anger expression, and negatively with anger control. Likewise, attachment avoidance correlated positively with trait anger, suppressed anger, and outward anger expression, and negatively with anger control. Outward anger expression emerged as a risk factor for partner violence, whereas suppressed anger appeared to have a mitigating effect. Trait anger and anger control did not demonstrate significant mediating effects. These findings underscore the role of attachment styles in anger regulation and intimate partner violence, suggesting the potential utility of therapeutic interventions targeting attachment dynamics in preventing violent behaviors.

Today, the wood of the oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) is widely used in various applications, including furniture, musical instruments, carvings, and veneer. In this study, the dielectric properties of oriental beech were investigated at AC signal frequencies of 100 Hz–1 MHz in the voltage range of 0–100 V DC, and the effects of different surface conditions on these properties were investigated. The dielectric, thermal and surface free energy behaviors of control wood (CW) and wood soaked in water for two weeks (SW) were analyzed comprehensively. Basic parameters such as specific heat capacity (Cp), real (ε′) and imaginary (ε″) dielectric constants, alternating current electrical conductivity (σac), free energy component (G/ω), dielectric loss factor (tanδ) were evaluated in detail within the scope of experimental measurements. SW samples exhibited approximately 1,000-fold higher (ε″) values and a two-to three-fold increase in (tanδ) compared to CW samples. Furthermore, (σac) increased from ~10⁻⁹ S/m in CW to ~10⁻⁴ S/m in SW, indicating a significant increase in ionic conductivity due to the higher moisture content. CV samples maintain their insulation properties by showing consistent dielectric properties across the entire frequency range. All measurements were repeated three times (n=3) and the standard deviation was found to be less than 5%. These results show that whereas dry wood retains consistent dielectric performance with low losses, moisture dramatically increases conductivity and dielectric losses.