E Ink (South Korea)

The landscape of drug discovery is undergoing a profound transformation with the emergence of new therapeutic modalities that extend beyond traditional occupancy-driven pharmacology. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), and molecular glues exemplify this shift, emphasizing linker engineering, controlled payload release, and proximity-induced biological effects rather than classical high-affinity inhibition. These modalities harness endogenous cellular systems—such as targeted delivery mechanisms and the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway—to achieve enhanced specificity and catalytic or event-driven pharmacology. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of these innovative platforms, discussing their mechanistic principles, design strategies, materials and methods commonly employed in their development, experimental outcomes from representative case studies, and broader implications for future therapeutic innovation. The findings suggest that proximity-based and targeted degradation approaches offer distinct advantages in addressing undruggable targets, overcoming resistance mechanisms, and improving therapeutic indices. However, challenges related to stability, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, and largescale manufacturing remain significant. Continued integration of chemical biology, structural modeling, and translational pharmacology will be essential to fully realize the potential of these transformative drug modalities.

Deactivation from coke deposition on Ni catalysts in the dry reforming of methane (DRM) remains an intractable problem at low temperatures, particularly for biogas with a high CH4/CO2 ratio often above 1. Herein, we engineer a bifunctional catalyst composed of a Ni3ZnC0.7 core for CH4 activation and an external CaO promoter with high dispersion for CO2 capture and activation. Remarkably, the optimal catalyst exhibits outstanding activation capability through the in situ-induced formation of the Ni3ZnC0.7 structure, enabling low-temperature H3C–H bond cleavage, while CaCO3 intermediates synergistically enhanced methane activation kinetics. The optimized system achieved CH4 and CO2 conversions of 47.7 and 71.6% with a H2/CO ratio of 1.02 at 600 °C in CH4-rich DRM. Notably, the system maintained thermodynamic control over H2/CO ratios above 550 °C, effectively inhibiting the reverse water–gas shift reaction. This atomic- to system-level design establishes a paradigm for stable DRM catalysis without energy-intensive pretreatment.

This study aims to examine Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2009) in the light of Frantz Fanon’s theory of decolonization from his The Wretched of the Earth (1963). The paper specifically focuses on the phases of decolonization mentioned in Fanon’s essay On National Culture. The research is qualitative in nature, dealing with interpretive practices. Catherine Belsey’s Textual Analysis is used to collect and interpret the data. Additionally, closed reading technique outlined by Fisher and Frey (2013) is also utilized. It is found that the colonized intellectual plays a crucial role in decolonization. The protagonist of the selected novel, Changez, goes through three phases to decolonize himself. Initially, he assimilates in the culture of colonizers. After some time, he is shown some indicators due to which he becomes conscious of his status. Finally, he turns against the colonizers by showing some resistance. The study holds significance in the area of post- colonialism, by exploring the role of colonized intellectuals in the process of decolonization.

Nurse practitioner (NP) students frequently encounter mistreatment in clinical environments, yet many supervising preceptors lack training to effectively address it. The aims of this evidence-based practice project were to improve preceptor knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors related to fostering culturally aware learning environments, mitigating discriminatory behavior, and role modeling inclusive care. Guided by the Expect, Recognize, Address, Support, Establish/Encourage (ERASE) framework, a stepwise approach to address mistreatment, a self-paced, multimodal online learning module was developed and implemented. Preceptors demonstrated improvements in self-reported preparedness to recognize and respond to bias and discriminatory behaviors in the clinical setting using the ERASE framework. These results suggest that targeted, accessible education can positively influence preceptor readiness to support students in complex clinical learning environments. Continued efforts are needed to equip preceptors with the tools to model inclusive care and respond effectively to mistreatment, ultimately creating more supportive, culturally aware clinical learning environments for NP students.

This experience report originates from a university extension project developed between August and December 2024, aimed at analyzing occupational stress and stressors experienced by healthcare professionals at the Dr. José Ramos Neto Basic Health Unit, in Eunápolis, Bahia, Brazil. The extension activity involved students and professors in the health field, integrating education, service, and community through investigative actions with a quantitative and qualitative approach. Data collection included the application of the Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory for Adults (ISSL), as well as a questionnaire on occupational stressors. Fourteen health professionals participated in the study, and the responses revealed that biological risk was the main stressor identified (34.6%), followed by the physical structure of the unit (23%). The data also indicated that 28.57% of the participants experienced some level of stress, with the resistance phase being the most prevalent. The extension experience provided a critical reflection on the mental health of professionals in Primary Health Care, highlighting the need for institutional interventions aimed at preventing occupational illness and reinforcing the role of extension activities in promoting social awareness, professional training, and humanized care.

Abstract Language variation (specifically: optionality between different ways of saying the same thing, as in check out the places vs check the places out) tends to be considered abnormal, suboptimal, short-lived, dysfunctional and needlessly complex, especially in functional or cognitive linguistic circles. In this contribution, we are assessing these assumptions: does grammatical optionality increase the relative complexity (or: difficulty) of language production? We use a corpus-based psycholinguistics research design with a variationist twist and analyse SWITCHBOARD, a corpus of conversational spoken American English. We ask if and how grammatical optionality correlates with two symptoms of production difficulty, namely filled pauses (um and uh) and unfilled pauses (speech planning time). Our dataset covers 108,487 conversational turns in SWITCHBOARD, 22 grammatical alternation types yielding 57,032 optionality contexts, 589,124 unfilled pauses and 43,801 filled pauses. Analysis shows that overall optionality contexts do not make speech production more dysfluent – regardless of how many language-internal probabilistic constraints are in operation, or how many variants there are to choose from. With that being said, we show how some alternations in the grammar of English are more prone to attract or repel production difficulties than others. All told, our results call into question old dogmas in theoretical linguistics, such as the Principle of Isomorphism or the Principle of No Synonymy.