Eesti Energia (Estonia)

1. Buregwa-Czuma S., Garwol K., Definicje, właściwości i funkcje społeczeństwa informacyjnego, „Dydaktyka informatyki” 2011, t. 6. Google Scholar

The article is devoted to the institution of Chancellor of Justice in Sweden, Finland and Estonia. The first part focuses on the genesis of this institution in the three countries. In the second part, the author presents the political position, functions and competences of the Chancellor of Justice. Part three deals with the role of this institution in protecting the rule of law. This work is of a legal comparative nature and includes analysis of the original political system. The fundamental asset of the institution of Chancellor of Justice remains its substantive (meritocratic) character: the requirement of high legal qualifications, objectivity, stability (lack of connection with the political rotation of government teams), and the circle of rights and rules of functioning verified by experience. The effects are also encouraging: stability of legal regulations and their systemic coherence, trust in the legitimacy of the actions of public authorities, and a degree of trust in state officials. These advantages, prompting the institution to “take over” by other political systems and its adaptation on the basis of their political systems, are hampered by poor knowledge of the institution itself, its status and powers.

The main problem of using renewable energy sources is their stochastic nature. To solve this problem, storage technologies are needed. In this study we explored a system that consists of renewable energy sources (wind and photovoltaic), non-shiftable loads (white goods, etc.) with a combination of two types of energy storage: boiler system and battery. Boilers as energy storage provide only one-way conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy. The boiler system consists of two vessels connected in series (the main boiler and the preheating boiler). The main boiler provides the necessary temperature level using energy from renewables or the grid. The preheating boiler stores energy that is not used on the non-shiftable load and feeding the main boiler. Excess energy from the main and preheating boilers is stored by the batteries. In the reverse scenario, in case of a lack of energy, energy is first taken from the batteries and then the grid. Our hypothesis is: using these two storage principles in tandem leads to a significant increase of supply cover factor. Our estimations show that a boiler system without a battery has a supply cover factor equal to 0.278. Whereas with joint usage of a boiler system and battery it is possible to achieve a supply cover factor of over 0.7.

The article is concentrated on the energy storage problems arising from microgeneration in private households. The case study involves a small-scale wind and solar electricity production set in a net zero-energy building. Both the net zero-energy building and the microgeneration units are connected to an utility grid. The current article serves to confirm the hypothesis, that the self consumption is at its maximum with the annual 70/30 wind and solar energy mix of in favour of the wind. The maximal self consumption at no additional energy storage in a net zero-energy building is studied as well. Produced and consumed energies are equal, which satisfies the requirements for a net zero-energy building with the utility grid acting as an energy buffer. The consumed energy is used to operate a heat pump, heat up ventilation supply air, run ventilation fans, supplying non-shiftable loads (white goods, TV, lighting etc), heat up domestic hot water via heat pump. To express self consumption, we use the term of supply cover factor, which describes optimally the directly consumed energy in relationship to net consumption or production. In annual scale, the cover factors for a net zero-energy building are equal as the production and consumption are equal as well. Also, seasonal variations in self consumption are studied. According to study results, the annual maximal supply cover factor in a net zero-energy building is 0.375 with 70/30 wind/solar mix. Seasonally, the self consumption is at its maximum in summer when the supply cover factor equals to 0.49.

The 150-300 m thick Ediacaran-Devonian sedimentary cover of Estonia, which contains the commercial oil shale deposit, is divided into blocks by linear fracture and tectonic disturbance zones. Along these zones the bedrock is modified, its composition and strength parameters are changed. Often there are restrictions on the use of new surface-mining areas as local people oppose excavation activities near their homes. Indirect methods were used for determination of the uniaxial compressive strength of rock. A wide variety of rock structures were considered and different excavation methods studied. Feasible mining technologies near the zones of tectonic disturbances have been proposed.

alpha 1-Antitrypsin (AAT) is a polymorphic protein with many variants collectively known as the Pi system. The most common alleles are the M, S and Z, which are co-dominantly inherited. Infants with PiZZ have approximately 16% of the normal AAT serum concentration. alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an inborn error of metabolism which is principally associated with liver disease in children and emphysema in young adulthood. Individuals with AATD produce an abnormal protein which accumulates in the liver, resulting in decreased serum levels. Affected individuals cannot protect their lungs from digestion by elastase. Smoking is a significant risk factor for the early development of emphysema. Prolastin, human alpha 1-protease inhibitor, is now available as replacement therapy. Weekly intravenous administration, with the goal of maintaining the serum AAT greater than 80 mg/dl, appears to arrest pulmonary damage. Its effect on liver disease is unknown at this time. A recombinant alpha 1-protease inhibitor is being tested in aerosol form with promising early results.

The inviscid interaction of two identical vortex rings is studied numerically.At the initial moment, the two rings are inclined symmetrically to the horizontal plane for an angle /3, and they are located sufficiently far apart, so that the effect of their initial mutual influence was reduced at a minimum.Particles are marked uniformly along the central vortex lines of rings and their motion is described according to the Lagrangian approach.Velocities of particles are calculated by using the modified Biot-Savart law.A five-point filtration procedure is used to prevent a calculation instability.When particles belonging to different filaments overlapped, the topology of filaments was redefined to continue the simulation.Positions of particles were calculated at each moment of their motion, which displayed the evolution of the vortex contours with time.A correlation between the initial angle /3 and the collision angle 6 was found.For example, when the initial distance between vortex rings was equal to 4 of their radii, the smallest obtained value for the collision angle was 43°, and it corresponded to the zero value of the initial angle.Even in the case of such a small initial angle two vortex rings would join into a single filament, and after some time this resulting filament would split back into two other vortex rings.