Egyptian Government

Egypt generally experiences a hot and arid climate, with rainfall primarily confined to the northern coast during winter season.However, on 31 May 2025, Alexandria experienced an unusual late-spring convective storm that was associated with heavy rainfall, strong winds, intense lightning, and localized hail.This rare event caused temporary disruptions to urban life and underscored the growing vulnerability of coastal cities to short-duration, high-intensity precipitation events occurring outside the climatological rainy season.This study investigates the atmospheric mechanisms underlying this event through a comprehensive synoptic and dynamic analysis of pressure systems, wind fields, and temperature structures extending from the surface to the 200 hPa level.Particular emphasis is placed on the role of moisture convergence and upper-level dynamical forcing in triggering the rapid development of deep convection.Furthermore, the influence of anomalous largescale circulation patterns on storm initiation and intensification is systematically examined.Improved understanding of these processes provides valuable insight into off-season convective activity over the southeastern Mediterranean and enhances forecasting capability, risk assessment, and early warning strategies for similar extreme events in the region.Furthermore, the influence of anomalous large-scale circulation patterns on storm initiation and intensification is quantitatively assessed to clarify their contribution to the event's development.A deeper understanding of these processes offers critical insight into the mechanisms governing off-season convective activity over the southeastern Mediterranean and strengthens forecasting skill, risk assessment frameworks, and early warning systems for comparable extreme events in the region.

Abstract Background The application of nanotechnology in the biomedical field has greatly expanded in the last decade, as delineated by the large number of publications by several researchers. Particularly for liver diseases which are prevalent in Egypt, published research has delineated that nanotechnology-based products were able to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs, by modulating their distribution and pharmacokinetic properties, protecting them from degradation, reducing their renal clearance and elimination, enhancing liver specific uptake and targeting, and overcoming mechanisms of drug resistance. However, surveying the granted patents in this regard displayed the limited number of patents, concurring with limited availability of nanotechnology-based products in the market. Areas covered This review article firstly details the research conducted in Egypt for treatment of prevalent liver diseases using nanotechnology-based products, then details the granted patents in Egypt and internationally in this regard, followed by an overview on the existing safety and regulatory implications, and recommendations for their improvement, in order to increase the number of commercially available products in the market.

Acrylamide (AA) exerts neurotoxicity and genotoxicity in wildlife and humans. This study measured the ability of curcumin, an antioxidant, and curcumin Nano lipid carriers (Cur-NLCs) to alleviate biochemical biomarkers of AA-induced neurotoxicity in the cortex and hippocampus of exposed rats. Thirty adult female albino rats were assigned into one of five experimental groups: (1) negative control, (2) vehicle control, (3) acrylamide (50 mg/kg b.wt), (4) acrylamide (50 mg/kg b.wt) with curcumin (100 mg/kg b.wt), and (5) acrylamide (50 mg/kg b.wt) with Cur-NLCs (10 mg/kg b.wt). Treatments were orally administered to rats for 5 days/week for 2 weeks. Acrylamide administration caused body weight loss, abnormal gait, and histopathological damage to both the cortex and hippocampus. Curcumin and Cur-NLCs treatment reduced the occurrence of abnormal behavior and mitigated histopathological changes observed in rats treated with AA. The level of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin (5-HT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were all decreased with AA treatment. Following treatment with curcumin, AA-induced reductions in glutathione (GSH), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (NE), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), aspartate (ASP), and gamma-aminobutyric acid were restored to the control level in the cortex. In the hippocampus, GSH, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), DA, 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), 5-HIAA, NE, ATP, ASP, GABA and glutamate (Glu) improved to that observed in control rats. Co-treatment with Cur-NLCs also had protective effects on malondialdehyde (MDA) and NE in the cortex, and 5-HIAA and ASP in the hippocampus. Upon comparison, Cur-NLCs at 10 mg/kg/day showed less benefit than curcumin alone (100 mg/kg/day) based on several endpoints of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and histopathology. We conclude there are tissue specific responses to these formulations in the CNS and suggest that a more effective means of treating AA-induced neurotoxicity with these antioxidants may be a mixture of both unmodified curcumin and its Nano-formulation.

Effective pain management in veterinary medicine often utilizes multi-drug formulations containing Metamizole sodium (MT), Paracetamol (PA), and Diclofenac (DI). However, severe spectral overlap makes their simultaneous quantification by spectrophotometry challenging, often requiring less green chromatographic methods. This study introduces AutoRegress, a novel Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) framework designed to overcome this limitation by automating the entire chemometric model development workflow. AutoRegress orchestrates a competitive evaluation of diverse regression algorithms and feature selection techniques, revealing that the optimal analytical model is analyte-specific-a key insight challenging the conventional 'one-size-fits-all' approach. The framework objectively identified a Lasso regression for MT, a non-linear Support Vector Regression (SVR) for PA, and a distinct Lasso model for DI. These tailored models demonstrated exceptional predictive accuracy (R2 > 0.988) on an independent test set. By providing the robust computational solution needed to deconvolve the complex spectra, AutoRegress enables the use of a rapid, green analytical method. The primary contribution is a reproducible platform that automates complex model selection, provides deeper chemometric insights, and makes advanced analytical solutions more accessible for routine quality control.

Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a significant concern following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study assessed whether adding trimetazidine (TMZ) or TMZ/allopurinol to standard hydration reduces CA-AKI among elective PCI patients. 129 patients undergoing elective PCI were randomized into three groups: Group 1 received (IV isotonic saline + TMZ + allopurinol), Group 2 received (IV isotonic saline + TMZ), and Group 3 (control) received (IV isotonic saline only). The primary outcome was the incidence of CA-AKI at 24- and 48-hour post-PCI. Risk was stratified using the Mehran and the Age, Creatinine, and Ejection Fraction (ACEF) scores. Group 1 demonstrated a non-significant reduction in CA-AKI incidence compared with Groups 2 and 3 (24h: 4.65%, 4.55%, and 9.52%; 48h: 16.28%, 20.45%, and 28.57%; p > 0.05). All patients were classified as low-moderate risk by ACEF and Mehran scores, neither of which predicted CA-AKI. At 48h, SGLT2 inhibitors users demonstrated a smaller rise in creatinine compared with non-users (-0.04 ± 0.158mg/dL vs. 0.096 ± 0.237mg/dL, p < 0.05), as did DPP-4 inhibitor users (-0.05 ± 0.217mg/dL vs. +0.098 ± 0.237mg/dL, p < 0.05). Diuretics were associated with greater increases (p < 0.05). The TMZ-allopurinol combination showed a favorable but non-significant trend toward reducing CA-AKI, while ACEF and Mehran scores demonstrated limited predictive value. Improved risk-stratification tools and larger studies in higher-risk patients are needed. SGLT2 and DPP-4 inhibitors showed smaller creatinine increases, suggesting possible nephroprotection, but this remains exploratory.

Enhancing clomipramine anti-depressive effect using a nanoformulation and investigating its effect via different routes of administration (oral and intranasal) in a depression rat model. Polyelectrolytes nanocomplexes (NC) were prepared by an all-aqueous technique and were composed of different ratios of chitosan (CS) and gum arabic (GA). Ciprofloxacin (CPX) was administered orally to adult male Wistar albino rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 14 days to induce depression. Clomipramine HCl solution and the drug-loaded nano complexes (NC) were administrated for 14 days via the oral route (50 mg/kg) and intranasal route (500 µg/kg). All the prepared drug-loaded nano-complexes (NC) were uniformly distributed (PDI ˂0.2), NC1 (composed of CS:GA 1:1) attained the smallest particle size (200.30 ± 26.07nm) and the most sustained release profile (Mean Release Time= 96.02± 8.36 min.) and has a spherical outline as detected by transmission electron microscope. Treatment with clomipramine-loaded NC via oral and intranasal routes elevated swimming time, serotonin (5-HT), excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) brain contents, decreased brain content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), and ameliorated nuclear pyknosis and degeneration of neurons compared to CPX and clomipramine solution. Clomipramine-loaded NC via intranasal routes returned the brain content of 5-HT and EAAT 2 to its normal level and has effect superior than oral route. Clomipramine-loaded NC administered via intranasal route showed an enhanced effect and a higher antidepressant activity than the traditional oral route through alleviating CPX neurological toxicity.

ObjectivesNatural substances with healing properties, especially medicinal plants and bee-derived products, have been integral to traditional medicine systems for centuries, contributing significantly to wound care. Their value lies in both their pharmacological roots and well-documented biological activities, including infection control, inflammation reduction, antioxidative protection, and tissue regeneration. This review highlights the scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of bee products and plant-based therapies in wound care, assessing their chemical composition, biological properties, and mechanisms of action.MethodsA wide range of medicinal plants and bee products are examined for their recognized therapeutic roles, with emphasis on their ability to prevent infection, modulate inflammation, counter oxidative stress, and promote healing. The review also considers complementary plant therapies that may enhance the effects of bee-derived substances.ResultsEvidence from experimental and clinical studies demonstrates that natural products such as honey and propolis can effectively treat chronic wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers, by supporting tissue repair and preventing complications.ConclusionThis review affirms the therapeutic potential of bee products and medicinal plants and supports their integration into modern wound management protocols, which are increasingly being validated through scientific and clinical research.

Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antimicrobial agent raising concern about its potential toxicity and adverse effects on fertility. This study investigated the protective efficacy of clomiphene citrate, conventional selenium, nanoselenium and Tribulus terrestris extract (TTE) against TCS-induced toxicity in male rats. Six experimental groups were established: control, TCS-exposed and TCS co-treated with each therapeutic agent. Semen quality; testicular and hepatic biochemical, oxidative and mitochondrial markers; hormone profiles; neurotransmitters; and histopathology were assessed. Specific reproductive (SOX9, inhibin B) and hepatic (Nrf2, NF-κB) markers were quantified to evaluate spermatogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. In silico analyses, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, examined the interactions of TCS with CYP17A1 and GPX4 to elucidate potential mechanisms of enzyme inhibition. The results demonstrated that TCS exposure impaired reproductive and hepatic function, disrupted hormonal balance, induced oxidative stress and tissue damage. Treatments with selenium (conventional and nanoforms) and TTE significantly mitigated these alterations, restoring biochemical and hormonal parameters and improving tissue architecture. Among these, nanoselenium and TTE showed the most pronounced protective effects, emphasizing their comparative efficacy in counteracting TCS-induced toxicity. The findings highlight the potential of nanoselenium and TTE as promising protective agents against TCS-related reproductive and hepatic damage.