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Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) possess high diversity and globally wide distribution, including a range of important agricultural pests. However, the origin, phylogeny and divergence history remain poorly understood. We undertook the first comprehensive mitogenomic study covering phylogenetic reconstruction, divergence time estimation and historical biogeography analyses by analyzing 147 mitochondrial genomes representing three subfamilies, seven tribes, 11 genera and 82 species. The results recovered all the three subfamilies, seven tribes and 11 genera as monophyletic group. Within Dacini subfamily, our phylogeny strongly supported the sister group relationship of (Zeugodacus + Dacus) + Bactrocera, which further supported to raise Zeugodacus as generic level of Dacini. On the other hand, our molecular phylogenetic analyses did not align well with the currently recognized subgeneric designations within Ceratitis, Dacus and Zeugodacus. Some subgenera were recovered as polyphyletic or paraphyletic, implying the incongruence between morphological characters and mitogenomic data. Neither the taxa within the Ceratitis FARQ complex nor those within the Bactrocera dorsalis complex could be clearly distinguished as distinct species corresponding to the morphospecies by mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Divergence time estimation and historical biogeography analyses indicated that the earliest common ancestor of the Tephritidae, originated in the Palearctic realm at 138.92-71.44 Ma, with the subsequent divergence into Dacinae + Trypetinae and Tephritinae at 115.19-67.45 Ma equally in the Palearctic realm. Dacini might have originated in Laurasia rather than Gondwana and diverged into Bactrocera and Dacus + Zeugodacus at 48.43-28.70 Ma after India plate docked with Laurasia.

No Brasil, existem diversas questões atuais relacionadas à saúde que merecem destaque. Uma delas é o enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19, que vem causando um grande impacto na saúde dos brasileiros. O país registrou um alto número de casos e óbitos, colocando o sistema de saúde em colapso em algumas regiões. Além disso, é importante destacar a necessidade de ampliar o acesso aos serviços de saúde, especialmente para a população mais vulnerável. O Brasil possui um sistema de saúde universal, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), mas muitos brasileiros ainda encontram dificuldades para receber atendimento médico, principalmente nas regiões mais afastadas e de baixa renda. É necessário fortalecer e investir no SUS, para que todos os cidadãos tenham acesso igualitário à saúde de qualidade. Desta forma, este livro tem uma ampla abordagem sobre revisão de literatura e pesquisas da área da saúde no Brasil. Em nossos livros selecionamos um dos capítulos para premiação como forma de incentivo para os autores, e entre os excelentes trabalhos selecionados para compor este livro, o premiado foi o capítulo 2, intitulado "ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS DOS EXAMES

Long-term unreasonable management has led to the continuous decline of soil quality in Melaleuca alternifolia planting areas in southern China, and there is no effective way to improve its soil quality at present. In this study, residues of tea tree oil extraction were returned to the forest to explore its influence on soil quality. Therefore, four test groups (RT, residues were tiled; RS, residues were stacked; RDT, residues were decomposed and tiled; RDS, residues were decomposed and stacked) and one control group (CK, nothing was changed) were designed. We used one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis to detect 22 physical, chemical, and biological indicators of soil, and then used minimum data set (MDS) and principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate soil quality. The results show that compared with the CK, BD and pH in the test groups decreases, while CP, TTP, SOM, AN, NN, AP, AK, CEC, MBC, MBN, MBP, catalase, urease, sucrase, and ACP increase or strengthen in different degrees, and the biomass increases by 5.3%~12.8%. The soil quality indexes (SQI) are RDT (0.616) > RT (0.546) > RDS (0.525) > RS (0.452) > CK (0.291). Significant correlation between SQI and biomass indicates that the indicators have high biological significance for the planting areas of Melaleuca alternifolia in the red soil region in southern China. These results show that residues could improve soil quality, and that the soil quality is different among different test groups. This study provides a new path for the management of Melaleuca alternifolia plantation.

Abstract Background: Cis-palmitoleic acid (cPOA) and trans-palmitoleic acid (tPOA) are isomers of palmitoleic acid, which are monounsaturated fatty acids, affecting glucose and lipid metabolism, and reducing insulin resistance. tPOA was better than cPOA in regulating lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia mice, but the pharmacokinetic, metabolic transformation and structure-activity relationship have not been reported. Method: A precise and accurate ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed to determine cPOA and tPOA simultaneously. cPOA and tPOA were administered i.g. (intragastric gavage) to rats at 75 mg/kg, serum samples were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS on a reverse-phase BDS C18 column equilibrated and eluted with water (A) and acetonitrile (B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Results: The calibration curves for cPOA and tPOA were linear over the range 0.1~12 μg/mL. Analytes were monitored by selected-reaction monitoring in negative electrospray ionization mode. The Tmax of cPOA was 0.94±0.44 h and the Cmax 8.17±1.97 μg/L, and the Tmax of tPOA was 1.50±0.98 h and the Cmax 14.77±11.91 μg/L. AUC0-24h of cPOA and tPOA were 59.45±29.83 and 113.88±72.25 mg/L*h. Conclusions: The method was applied in pharmacokinetic study of cPOA and tPOA in rat serum successfully. Besides, it’s found the concentration of cPOA and tPOA fluctuated in serum of rats with the consistent trend, which may be reciprocal bio-convert in the body.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that Radix Astragali can inhibit gastric ulcers in mice. Anhydrous ethanol (0.01 mL/g) administered to mice by intragastric infusion can induce gastric ulcer injury. This study was performed to compare the stomach tissue distribution profiles of four major bioactive constituents of Radix Astragali(calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, calycosin, ononin and formononetin) after oral administration of extract of Radix Astragali (ERA)in normal and gastric ulcer mice. The abundance of Radix Astragali constituents was determined using an ultra-pressure liquid chromatograph with a photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA), after which histograms were drawn. In comparison with normal mice, the contents of calycosin- 7-O-β-d-glucoside, calycosin, ononin and formononetin in the stomach tissue samples of gastric ulcer mice showed significant differences at the selected time points (P < 0.05).The abundance of each of the four tested constituents in the normal groups was higher than that of the gastric ulcer groups. This study provides an empirical foundation for future studies focused on developing clinical applications of Radix Astragali.

Images and DNA sequences are two important methods for identifying fruit fly species. In addition, the identification of insect species complexes is highly problematic when attempting to utilize automatic identification methods in an actual environment. We integrated the image and DNA sequence identification methods into a single system for the first time and explored an open interactive multi-image comparison function for solving the problem of species complexes. The Automated Fruit Fly Identification System 1.0 (AFIS1.0) was updated to AFIS2.0 by employing different models and developing the system under a novel framework. AFIS2.0 was developed using 83 species belonging to eight genera in the Tephritidae, which includes most pests of this family. The system applies the Mask Region Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) and discriminative deep metric learning (AlexNet based) methods for image identification, integrates Blast+ for DNA sequence comparison and specific weighting for the fusion result. At the species level, the best classification success rate for wing images (as the Top 1 species in the species list of outcomes) reached 90%, and the average classification success rate for wing, thorax, and abdomen images (as the Top 5 species in the species list of outcomes) was 94%. AFIS2.0 is more accurate and convenient than AFIS1.0 and can be beneficial for users with or without specific expertise regarding Tephritidae. It also provides a more compact and fluent computer system for fruit fly identification, and can be easily applied in practice. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

An eco-friendly fluorescence polymer nanoparticle based on carbon quantum dots and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles is successfully fabricated to detect sulfadiazine. By making use of the abundant functional group of carbon quantum dots and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles, without any extra modification, the synthetic process of the fluorescence nanoparticles is reduced and the unnecessary chemical molecules are avoided being brought into the reaction system. The investigation of the fluorescence property of carbon quantum dots shows that the prepared carbon quantum dots are the excitation independent. In addition, the morphology of the synthesized fluorescence polymer nanoparticle is tested by the scanning electron microscope and shows that the fluorescence sensor possesses a good spherical core–shell structure. Moreover, under the optimized condition, the prepared fluorescence polymer nanoparticle possesses a good selectivity in the detection of sulfadiazine under a mixture solution. Moreover, the limit of detection is 4 μmol.l−1 within the detective range from 10 μmol.l−1 to 60 μmol.l−1. Meanwhile, the fluorescence quenching mechanism is considered with the photoinduced electron transfer mechanism. Finally, the practical research on the detection of sulfadiazine in tap water shows that the recovery range and relative standard deviation are 97.5% − 105.1% and 2.1%–4.5%, respectively.

Nonspecificity and low reproducibility are always the main challenges in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection, especially for testing real samples. In this study, we developed a sandwich-like sensor (AuA-pMIP) to detect rhodamine 6G (R6G) by integrating a porous molecularly imprinted polymer (pMIP) with a well-ordered AuNP array (AuA). To form a uniformly distributed hot spot, AuA was fabricated at an oil-water interface and was subsequently fixed between pMIP and a support slide. Finite-difference time-domain simulation indicated that the enhanced electric field covered a distance of ∼2 μm above the AuA, in which the pMIP provided effective mass-transfer channels and sufficient specific binding sites for target molecules. High specificity for AuA-pMIP in R6G detection was demonstrated by comparing the SERS performance of R6G on AuA-pMIP with that of its structural analogues on the same sensor. Remarkably, the stable sandwich-like structure allowed us to achieve a recyclable SERS sensor with high reproducibility. Finally, AuA-pMIP displayed excellent specificity and sensitivity toward R6G in a test based on a real orange juice sample. This study presents a promising method to achieve real sample testing on a SERS platform.

Abstract As glazes are papery, there is no method capable of evaluating the surface wear resistance of glazed tiles. Thus, Taber abraser with rubber wheels and abrasive belts was employed to grind out a regular wear track. The volume of track was estimated using profilometer and its analyzing software precisely. The evaluation reliability of this method was verified using six float glasses, and the standard deviation of volume loss results could be controlled less than 10%. The appropriate operating parameters were investigated using float glasses and two types of ceramic tiles from different manufacturers. The method proposed in this work has potential of success to evaluate the surface wear resistance of ceramic tiles quantitatively and precisely.

Abstract Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the major pathogenic microorganism causing enzootic pneumonia in pigs. With increasing resistance of M. hyopneumoniae to conventional antibiotics, treatment is becoming complicated. Herein, we investigated the mutant selection window (MSW) of doxycycline, tylosin, danofloxacin, tiamulin, and valnemulin for treating M. hyopneumoniae strain (ATCC 25934) to determine the likelihood of promoting resistance with continued use of these antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against M. hyopneumoniae were determined for each antimicrobial agent and ranged from 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL to 109 CFU/mL based on microdilution broth and agar dilution methods. The minimal concentration inhibiting colony formation by 99% (MIC99) and the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) were determined by the agar dilution method with three inoculum sizes. Antimicrobial killing was determined based on MIC99 and MPC values for all five agents. MIC values ranged from 0.001 to 0.25 μg/mL based on the microdilution broth method, and from 0.008 to 1.0 μg/mL based on the agar dilution method. MPC values ranged from 0.0016 to 10.24 μg/mL. MPC/MIC99 values were ordered tylosin &gt;doxycycline &gt;danofloxacin &gt;tiamulin &gt;valnemulin. MPC achieved better bactericidal action than MIC99. Based on pharmacodynamic analyses, danofloxacin, tylosin, and doxycycline are more likely to select resistant mutants than tiamulin and valnemulin.