Eternal University

Characterization of perovskite–silicon (Pero/Si) tandem solar cells in an industrial environment is hampered by several challenges. First, the monolithic series connection of the two subcells and the fact that the entire stack shares only two electrical terminals make it impossible to probe each subcell independently. Second, the perovskite absorber's metastability—most notably ion migration—introduces additional, often slow, time‐dependent effects. Together with the industry's requirement for high throughput, these factors complicate accurate, high‐speed characterization. In this work we propose a concept to acquire I–V data for tandem solar cells from light‐emitting diode (LED)‐based solar simulators, where we acquire an approximation of the external quantum efficiency from LED‐based measurements before conducting an I–V measurement with an adjusted LED illumination spectrum. We present results on a reference III/V and different Pero/Si solar cells. We model ion migration in perovskite subcells, which allows for assessing preconditioning and transient effects in I–V cell measurements. We recommend a short preconditioning under light to stabilize the scan time dependence and show the potential for transfer between industrial and lab conditions. Finally, we showcase concepts of camera‐based luminescence measurements for inline analysis. Specifically, we show a line‐scan photoluminescence approach, a fast electroluminescence (EL) imaging approach based on parallel data acquisition with two cameras, and an EL concept based on the application of one RGB camera.

Antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly and is a major health problem worldwide. As a result, researchers are actively investigating safe and superior alternative therapeutic agents. Medicinal plants contain a wide array of bioactive compounds have found certain viability for such a purpose. Moringa oleifera is among such medicinal plants that exhibit several pharmacological features and are receiving attention for their antibiotic potential, represented by broad-spectrum antimicrobial action. The present review article emphasizes the antimicrobial potential of M. oleifera, highlighting the phytochemical profile, antibacterial mechanisms and its usage in the green synthesis of nanomaterials. The mentioned plant has a varied range of bioactive compounds e.g., flavonoids, glucosinolates, phenolic acids, alkaloids, sterols and terpenes that provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity by interfering with cell wall physiology, inhibiting protein synthesis and interfering with DNA replication. It has strong anti-quorum sensing and antibiofilm properties in addition to its direct antibacterial effects. The green synthesis of nanoparticles using M. oleifera has also been explored as a non-toxic and sustainable method of producing new antimicrobial materials. Overall, M. oleifera is a natural antibacterial agent that shows great promise and has a variety of therapeutic uses. Besides, antivirulence and nanotechnology approaches provide creative answers to address the rising issues of antibiotic resistance in current medicine.

This chapter will investigate sustainable practices that can effectively address these intertwined challenges. By emphasizing green infrastructure—such as urban forests, green roofs, permeable pavements, and community gardens—we can identify strategies that improve urban environments. Green infrastructure not only enhances air and water quality but also creates vital spaces for recreation and social interaction, thereby fostering community well-being. Moreover, this chapter will examine the necessity of integrating environmental policies with public health initiatives. Sustainable urban planning can lead to the creation of resilient communities, where health considerations are embedded in urban design. By promoting equitable access to green spaces, enhancing public transportation, and investing in clean energy solutions, cities can cultivate healthier living environments that benefit all residents.

As the second most significant food after cereals, pulses are high in protein and serve a vital role in Indian agriculture. By improving the nitrogen levels, they encourage long term fertility and maintain system sustainability. The present study evaluated the impact of varied organic nutrient sources on black gram growth, yield attributes, soil health and economic returns. The application of biofertilizers (Rhizobium + PSB) in combination with vermicompost and vermiwash resulted in a 12.3 % reduction in days to flowering compared to absolute control, while physiological maturity remained unaffected. Plant height increased by 20.4 % under the same treatment. Yield attributes such as pods per plant (21.2), seeds per pod (7.1) and primary branches per plant (6.5) improved significantly, with increases of 24.7 %, 26.2 % and 24.6 %, respectively. Seed yield increased by 43.5 % in comparison to treatment without application of any organic fertilizer. Significantly highest seed yield of 1193 kg ha-1 was recorded due to the combined application of biofertilizers (Rhizobium and PSB), vermicompost @ 7.5 t ha-1 and vermiwash (1:10). Post-harvest soil nutrient availability showed significant improvement, with increases in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium owing to substantial increase in microbial population by 36.9 % bacterial count, 39.3 % fungal count and 34.7 % actinomycete count compared to absolute control. This corresponds to an increase in enzymatic activity (4.8 µg TPF g-1 soil h-1) as well as soil microbial biomass carbon (132.8 4.8 µg g-1 soil). The findings highlight the potential of integrated organic nutrient management for enhancing crop productivity, soil fertility and economic sustainability but also for fostering resilient agricultural systems. The combined application of different organic nutrient sources offers a viable and environmentally sound solution to maintaining log-term ecological balance while also contributing to food security.